Below are the results of more analyses of the Mal’ta and Afontova
Gora genomes. I’ve also included the results of the previous analyses to
allow for easy comparison.
The new results shed a great deal of light on the origin of the West Asian, Caucasus, and Gedrosia components in Europe.
I have recently been arguing that the globe13 West Asian component in Europe is associated with Y haplogroup J2, and not with R1b or R1a. But the globe13 West Asian component is basically a combination of the K12b Caucasus and Gedrosia components, and in order to understand how these components got to Europe, it’s necessary to look at the two more highly resolved K12b components. The West Asian component does show a much stronger association with J2 than with R1b or R1a, but it’s really only the Caucasus component that J2 is associated with. The Gedrosia component, on the other hand, shows a strong association with R1b.
The MDLP World-22 Indo-Iranian component, which is basically just a Kalash component, shows a similarly strong association with R1b in Europe. The Kalash are 18.2% R1a, 6.8% R*, and 2.3% R1*, but they don’t have any R1b, so the genetic affinity between R1b Western Europeans and the Kalash cannot be due to gene flow mediated by R1b people. It must be due to common descent from the common ancestors of the R1b people in Western Europe and the R1a, R*, and R1* people in Pakistan. Those common ancestors were the original R* people.
R1b shows no association with the Caucasus component in Europe. Basques have one of the highest frequencies of R1b, and although they have 9.8% of the Gedrosia component, they don’t have any of the Caucasus component. The Caucasus component is present in large amounts throughout West Asia, so the R* people who imparted the Gedrosia component to the R1b people of Western Europe cannot have reached Europe by going west from Pakistan through West Asia. They instead must have gone north, through Central Asia.
Mal’ta 1 was one of these R* people. The K12b results below show that Mal’ta 1 had 24.73% of the Gedrosia component, and none of the Caucasus component. And the dv3 results below show that Mal’ta 1 was more closely related to Western Europeans than to Eastern Europeans. The results for Afontova Gora 2 show that he also had a large amount of the Gedrosia component, none of the Caucasus component, and was also more closely related to Western Europeans than to Eastern Europeans.
After moving north through Central Asia, the R* people would have entered the steppe-tundra region that stretched from the Atlantic to Lake Baikal. Once they had adapted to a lifestyle of hunting mammoths and other big game, they would have expanded east through Siberia, and west to Europe, where they would make their appearance as the Gravettians.
R1b Western Europeans preserve more of the original genetic makeup of the R* people than R1a Eastern Europeans do. The reason for this must be that the R1b people of Western Europe mixed less with the Y hg I Aurignacians than the R1a people of Eastern Europe did.
We can see this difference in the amount of Aurignacian admixture in the physical features of Europeans today. I believe that the leptomorphic type (having a long and narrow face) of Sungir 1 and Predmost 3 was the original physical type of Y hg R people, and that the eurymorphic type (having a short and wide face) of Cro-Magnon 1 was the original physical type of Y hg I people. A leptomorphic face is a feature of the Irano-Afghan type found today in Pakistan, and it is also a feature of the classic Nordic type found today in Northwestern Europe, where R1b predominates. A eurymorphic face, on the other hand, is a feature of the East Baltic type found today in Northeastern Europe, where R1a predominates.
Mal’ta 1
globe4
globe10
globe4
The new results shed a great deal of light on the origin of the West Asian, Caucasus, and Gedrosia components in Europe.
I have recently been arguing that the globe13 West Asian component in Europe is associated with Y haplogroup J2, and not with R1b or R1a. But the globe13 West Asian component is basically a combination of the K12b Caucasus and Gedrosia components, and in order to understand how these components got to Europe, it’s necessary to look at the two more highly resolved K12b components. The West Asian component does show a much stronger association with J2 than with R1b or R1a, but it’s really only the Caucasus component that J2 is associated with. The Gedrosia component, on the other hand, shows a strong association with R1b.
The MDLP World-22 Indo-Iranian component, which is basically just a Kalash component, shows a similarly strong association with R1b in Europe. The Kalash are 18.2% R1a, 6.8% R*, and 2.3% R1*, but they don’t have any R1b, so the genetic affinity between R1b Western Europeans and the Kalash cannot be due to gene flow mediated by R1b people. It must be due to common descent from the common ancestors of the R1b people in Western Europe and the R1a, R*, and R1* people in Pakistan. Those common ancestors were the original R* people.
R1b shows no association with the Caucasus component in Europe. Basques have one of the highest frequencies of R1b, and although they have 9.8% of the Gedrosia component, they don’t have any of the Caucasus component. The Caucasus component is present in large amounts throughout West Asia, so the R* people who imparted the Gedrosia component to the R1b people of Western Europe cannot have reached Europe by going west from Pakistan through West Asia. They instead must have gone north, through Central Asia.
Mal’ta 1 was one of these R* people. The K12b results below show that Mal’ta 1 had 24.73% of the Gedrosia component, and none of the Caucasus component. And the dv3 results below show that Mal’ta 1 was more closely related to Western Europeans than to Eastern Europeans. The results for Afontova Gora 2 show that he also had a large amount of the Gedrosia component, none of the Caucasus component, and was also more closely related to Western Europeans than to Eastern Europeans.
After moving north through Central Asia, the R* people would have entered the steppe-tundra region that stretched from the Atlantic to Lake Baikal. Once they had adapted to a lifestyle of hunting mammoths and other big game, they would have expanded east through Siberia, and west to Europe, where they would make their appearance as the Gravettians.
R1b Western Europeans preserve more of the original genetic makeup of the R* people than R1a Eastern Europeans do. The reason for this must be that the R1b people of Western Europe mixed less with the Y hg I Aurignacians than the R1a people of Eastern Europe did.
We can see this difference in the amount of Aurignacian admixture in the physical features of Europeans today. I believe that the leptomorphic type (having a long and narrow face) of Sungir 1 and Predmost 3 was the original physical type of Y hg R people, and that the eurymorphic type (having a short and wide face) of Cro-Magnon 1 was the original physical type of Y hg I people. A leptomorphic face is a feature of the Irano-Afghan type found today in Pakistan, and it is also a feature of the classic Nordic type found today in Northwestern Europe, where R1b predominates. A eurymorphic face, on the other hand, is a feature of the East Baltic type found today in Northeastern Europe, where R1a predominates.
Mal’ta 1
globe4
- 57.69% European
- 31.79% Amerindian
- 7.16% Asian
- 3.37% African
globe10
- 37.79% Atlantic_Baltic
- 21.36% Amerindian
- 20.47% South_Asian
- 14.54% West_Asian
- 3.50% Siberian
- 1.71% Neo_African
- 0.62% Australasian
- 0.01% Palaeo_African
- 0.00% East_Asian
- 0.00% Southern
- 45.62% North_European
- 16.52% South_Asian
- 16.03% Amerindian
- 10.82% West_Asian
- 8.48% Arctic
- 1.27% West_African
- 0.67% Australasian
- 0.60% East_African
- 0.00% East_Asian
- 0.00% Mediterranean
- 0.00% Palaeo_African
- 0.00% Siberian
- 0.00% Southwest_Asian
- 40.26% Atlantic_Baltic
- 23.06% South_Asian
- 20.86% West_Asian
- 14.01% Siberian
- 1.80% African
- 0.00% East_Asian
- 0.00% Southern
- 50.42% Atlantic_Baltic
- 20.72% South_Asian
- 16.25% Siberian
- 10.89% West_Asian
- 1.71% Sub_Saharan
- 0.01% Palaeoafrican
- 0.00% East_Asian
- 0.00% Mediterranean
- 0.00% Red_Sea
- 0.00% Southeast_Asian
- 44.27% North_European
- 24.73% Gedrosia
- 15.50% South_Asian
- 13.76% Siberian
- 1.73% Sub_Saharan
- 0.01% East_African
- 0.00% Atlantic_Med
- 0.00% Caucasus
- 0.00% East_Asian
- 0.00% Northwest_African
- 0.00% Southeast_Asian
- 0.00% Southwest_Asian
- 34.62% West_European
- 27.30% South_Asian
- 20.22% East_European
- 15.36% Northeast_Asian
- 1.40% Neo_African
- 1.02% Palaeo_African
- 0.06% Mediterranean
- 0.01% West_Asian
- 0.00% East_African
- 0.00% Northwest_African
- 0.00% Southeast_Asian
- 0.00% Southwest_Asian
- 31.00% North-East-European
- 14.44% Samoedic
- 12.62% Indian
- 12.40% North-Amerind
- 8.99% Indo-Iranian
- 7.21% Mesoamerican
- 4.75% West-Asian
- 3.96% North-European-Mesolithic
- 1.96% Sub-Saharian
- 1.57% South-America_Amerind
- 1.03% Arctic-Amerind
- 0.07% Austronesian
- 0.00% Atlantic_Mediterranean_Neolithic
- 0.00% East-Siberean
- 0.00% East-South-Asian
- 0.00% Indo-Tibetan
- 0.00% Melanesian
- 0.00% Near_East
- 0.00% North-Siberean
- 0.00% Paleo-Siberian
- 0.00% Pygmy
- 0.00% South-African
- 27.95% Finnish
- 25.40% Burusho
- 12.62% Gujarati
- 8.58% Kalash
- 5.16% Yakut
- 4.36% Brahui
- 4.02% Basque
- 2.20% Archaic
- 1.47% Dai
- 1.14% Yoruba
- 1.08% Papuan
- 1.03% Sardinian
- 0.74% Naxi
- 0.72% San
- 0.65% Melanesian
- 0.55% Mbuti-Pygmy
- 0.47% Kenya-Bantu
- 0.42% Biaka-Pygmy
- 0.38% Lahu
- 0.36% Mandenka
- 0.32% Palestinian
- 0.19% She
- 0.18% Japanese
- 0.00% Bedouin
- 0.00% Druze
- 0.00% Mozabite
globe4
- 70.95% European
- 28.11% Amerindian
- 0.91% African
- 0.03% Asian
- 58.93% Atlantic_Baltic
- 16.37% Amerindian
- 11.32% West_Asian
- 9.86% South_Asian
- 2.93% Siberian
- 0.56% Neo_African
- 0.02% Australasian
- 0.00% East_Asian
- 0.00% Palaeo_African
- 0.00% Southern
- 62.62% North_European
- 11.87% Amerindian
- 10.70% West_Asian
- 7.45% South_Asian
- 6.54% Arctic
- 0.61% West_African
- 0.13% Australasian
- 0.07% East_African
- 0.00% East_Asian
- 0.00% Mediterranean
- 0.00% Palaeo_African
- 0.00% Siberian
- 0.00% Southwest_Asian
- 58.81% Atlantic_Baltic
- 18.53% West_Asian
- 11.74% Siberian
- 10.20% South_Asian
- 0.73% African
- 0.00% East_Asian
- 0.00% Southern
- 66.13% Atlantic_Baltic
- 13.40% Siberian
- 10.74% West_Asian
- 8.98% South_Asian
- 0.75% Sub_Saharan
- 0.00% East_Asian
- 0.00% Mediterranean
- 0.00% Palaeoafrican
- 0.00% Red_Sea
- 0.00% Southeast_Asian
- 61.18% North_European
- 20.28% Gedrosia
- 11.36% Siberian
- 6.12% South_Asian
- 0.84% Sub_Saharan
- 0.22% Atlantic_Med
- 0.00% Caucasus
- 0.00% East_African
- 0.00% East_Asian
- 0.00% Northwest_African
- 0.00% Southeast_Asian
- 0.00% Southwest_Asian
- 45.00% West_European
- 27.61% East_European
- 12.96% South_Asian
- 12.59% Northeast_Asian
- 0.94% Neo_African
- 0.60% Mediterranean
- 0.22% East_African
- 0.07% West_Asian
- 0.00% Northwest_African
- 0.00% Palaeo_African
- 0.00% Southeast_Asian
- 0.00% Southwest_Asian
- 46.23% North-East-European
- 10.32% Samoedic
- 9.18% West-Asian
- 7.95% North-European-Mesolithic
- 5.58% South-America_Amerind
- 4.73% Indo-Iranian
- 4.47% Arctic-Amerind
- 4.43% North-Amerind
- 3.88% Mesoamerican
- 2.73% Indian
- 0.47% Sub-Saharian
- 0.02% Paleo-Siberian
- 0.01% Atlantic_Mediterranean_Neolithic
- 0.00% Austronesian
- 0.00% East-Siberean
- 0.00% East-South-Asian
- 0.00% Indo-Tibetan
- 0.00% Melanesian
- 0.00% Near_East
- 0.00% North-Siberean
- 0.00% Pygmy
- 0.00% South-African
- 40.57% Finnish
- 17.29% Basque
- 12.49% Burusho
- 6.41% Gujarati
- 4.56% Kalash
- 3.91% Yakut
- 3.31% Brahui
- 2.46% Sardinian
- 1.95% Archaic
- 1.18% Naxi
- 0.95% Yoruba
- 0.91% Kenya-Bantu
- 0.90% Dai
- 0.77% Palestinian
- 0.59% Papuan
- 0.57% Melanesian
- 0.41% San
- 0.35% Biaka-Pygmy
- 0.30% Mbuti-Pygmy
- 0.08% She
- 0.03% Lahu
- 0.00% Bedouin
- 0.00% Druze
- 0.00% Japanese
- 0.00% Mandenka
- 0.00% Mozabite
