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Haplogroup U (mtDNA)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Haplogroup U
Possible time of origin55,000 BP
Possible place of origin
AncestorR
DescendantsU1, U5, U6, U2'3'4'7'8'9
Defining mutations11467, 12308, 12372[1]
In human mitochondrial genetics,Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. U subgroups are widely distributed across Western Eurasia, North Africa, and South Asia.

Origins

Haplogroup U descends from a woman in the Haplogroup R (mtDNA) branch of the phylogenetic tree, who lived around 55,000 years ago.[2]

Distribution

Haplogroup U is found in 15% of Indian caste and 8% of Indian tribal populations.[2]Haplogroup U is found in approximately 11% of native Europeans and is held as the oldest maternal haplogroup found in that region.[2][3][4] In a 2013 study, all but one of the ancient modern human sequences from Europe belonged to maternal haplogroup U, thus confirming previous findings that haplogroup U was the dominant type of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Europe before the spread of agriculture into Europe.[5]
Haplogroup U is subdivided into Haplogroups U1-U9. Haplogroup K is a subclade of U8.[6] The old age has led to a wide distribution of the descendant subgroups across Western Eurasia, North Africa, and South Asia. Some subclades of U have a more specific geographic range.

Subclades

Haplogroup U1

Haplogroup U1 is found at very low frequency throughout Europe. It is found more often in eastern Europe, Anatolia and the Near East. It is also found at low frequencies in India. Haplogroup U1 is a very ancient haplogroup, with an estimated age of about 32,000 years. U1 is found in the Svanetia region at 4.2%. Subclade U1a is found from India to Europe, but is extremely rare among the northern and Atlantic fringes of Europe including the British Isles and Scandinavia. Several examples in Tuscany have been noted. In India, U1a has been found in the Kerala region. U1b has a similar spread but is rarer than U1a. Some examples of U1b have been found among Jewish diaspora. Subclades U1a and U1b appear in equal frequency in eastern Europe.[7]
The U1 subclades are: U1a (with deep-subclades U1a1, U1a1a, U1a1a1, U1a1b)[8] and U1b.[8]
DNA analysis of excavated remains now located at St. Augustine convent in Goa, Indiarevealed the unique mtDNA subclade U1b, which is absent in India, but present in Georgiaand surrounding regions.[9] Since the genetic analysis corroborates archaeological and literary evidence, it is believed that the excavated remains belong to Queen Ketevan of Georgia.[9]

Haplogroup U2

Haplogroup U2 is most common in South Asia[10] but is also found in low frequency in Central and West Asia, as well as in Europe as U2e (the Western Eurasian variety of U2 is named U2e).[11] The overall frequency of U2 in South Asia is largely accounted for by the group U2i in India whereas haplogroup U2e, common in Europe, is entirely absent; given that these lineages diverged approximately 50,000-years-ago, these data have been interpreted as indicating very low maternal-line gene-flow between South Asia and Europe throughout this period.[10] Approximately one half of the U mtDNAs in India belong to the Indian-specific branches of haplogroup U2 (U2i: U2a, U2b and U2c).[10] While U2 is typically found in India, it is also present in the Nogais peoples, descendants of various Mongolic and Turkic tribes, who formed the Nogai Horde.[12] Both U2 and U4 are found in the Kets and Nganasans, the indigenous inhabitants of the Yenisey River Basin and the Taimyr Peninsula.[13]
The U2 subclades are: U2a,[14] U2b,[15] U2c,[16] U2d,[17] and U2e.[18] With the India-specific subclades U2a, U2b, and U2c collectively referred to as U2i, the Eurasian haplogroup U2d appears to be a sister clade with the Indian haplogroup U2c,[19] while U2e is considered a Western Eurasian-specific subclade.[11]
Haplogroup U2 has been found in the remains of a 30,000-year-old hunter-gatherer from the Kostyonki, Voronezh Oblast in Central-South European Russia.,[20] in 4,800 to 4,000-year-old human remains from a Late Neolithic Bell-Beaker site in Kromsdorf Germany,[21] and in 2,000-year-old human remains from Bøgebjerggård in Southern Denmark. However, haplogroup U2 is rare in present day Scandinavians.[22] The remains of a 2,000-year-old West Eurasian male of haplogroup U2e1 was found in the Xiongnu Cemetery of Northeast Mongolia.[23]

Haplogroup U3

Haplogroup U3 falls into two distinct subclades: U3a’c and U3b. Coalescence age for U3a is estimated as 18,000 to 26,000-years-ago while the coalescence age for U3b is estimated as 18,000 to 24,000-years-ago. U3a is found in Europe, the Near East, the Caucasus and northern Africa. The almost-entirely European subclade, U3a1, dated at 4000 to 7000-years-ago, suggests a relatively recent (late Holocene or later) expansion of these lineages in Europe. There is a minor U3c subclade (derived from U3a), represented by a single Azeri  mtDNA from the Caucasus. U3b is widespread across the Middle East and the Caucasus, and it is found especially in Iran, Iraq and Yemen, with a minor European subclade, U3b1b, dated at 2000 to 3000-years-ago.[24] Haplogroup U3 is defined by the HVR1 transition A16343G. It is found at low levels throughout Europe (about 1% of the population), the Near East (about 2.5% of the population), and Central Asia (about 1% of the population). U3 is present in theSvan population from the Svaneti region (about 4.2% of the population) and among Lithuanian Romani, Polish Romani, and Spanish Romani populations (36-56%)[25][26][27]consistent with a common migration route from India then out-of-the Balkans for the Lithuanian, Polish, and Spanish Roma.[28]
The U3 subclades are: U3a[29] and U3b.[29]
Haplogroup U3 has been found in 6400-year-old remains (U3a) discovered in the caves at Wadi El‐Makkukh near Jericho associated with the Chalcolithic period.[30] Haplogroup U3 was already present in the West Eurasian gene pool around 6,000-years-ago and probably also its subclade U3a as well.[30]

Haplogroup U4

Haplogroup U4 has its origin in the Upper Palaeolithic, dating to approximately 25,000 years ago and has been implicated in the expansion of modern humans into Europe occurring before the Last Glacial Maximum.[31] U4 is an ancient mitochondrial haplogroup[32] and is relatively rare in modern populations.[33] U4 is found in Europe with highest concentrations in Scandinavia and the Baltic states[34] and is also associated with the remnants of ancient European hunting-gatherers preserved in the indigenous populations of Siberia.[35][36][37] U4 is found in Nganasans the indigenous inhabitants of the Taimyr Peninsula,[13][38] in the Mansi(16.3%) an endangered people,[37] and in the Ket people (28.9%) of the Yenisey River.[37] U4 is also preserved in the Kalash people (current population size 3,700)[39] a unique tribe among the Indo-Aryan peoples of Pakistan where U4 (subclade U4a1[40]) attains its highest frequency of 34%.[41][42][43]
The U4 subclades are: U4a,[44] U4b,[45] U4c,[46] and U4d.[47]
Bryan Sykes provided this popular description for haplogroup U4: "The clan of Ulrike (German for Mistress of All) is not among the original 'Seven Daughters of Eve' clans, but with just under 2% of Europeans among its members, it has a claim to being included among the numerically important clans. Ulrike lived about 18,000 years ago in the cold refuges of the Ukraine at the northern limits of human habitation. Though Ulrike's descendants are nowhere common, the clan is found today mainly in the east and north of Europe with particularly high concentrations in Scandinavia and the Baltic states."[48]
Haplogroup U4 is associated with ancient European hunter-gatherers and has been found in 7,200 to 6,000-year-old remains of the Pitted Ware culture in Gotland Sweden and in 4,400 to 3,800-year-old remains from the Damsbo site of the Danish Bell-Beaker culture.[49][50][51]Remains identified as subclade U4a2 are associated with the Battle Axe culture which flourished 5,200 to 4,300 years ago in eastern and central Europe and encompassed most of continental northern Europe from the Volga River in the east to the Rhine River in the west.[52] Mitochondrial DNA recovered from 3,500 to 3,300-year-old remains at the Bredtoftegård site in Denmark associated with the Nordic Bronze Age include haplogroup U4 with 16179T in its HVR1 indicative of subclade U4c1.[51][53][54][55]

Haplogroup U5

The age of U5 is estimated at 30-50,000 years.[56] Approximately 11% of total Europeans and 10% of European-Americans are in haplogroup U5. In 'The Seven Daughters of Eve', this haplogroup, as well as Haplogroup U in general, is labelled 'Clan Ursula'. Haplogroup U5 is believed to be the oldest single branch of Haplogroup U, hence the sharing of the 'Ursula' designation by both groups.
U5 has been found in human remains dating from the Mesolithic in England, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Russia,[57] Sweden,[50] France [58] and Spain. [59] Haplogroup U5 and its subclades U5a and U5b form the highest population concentrations in the far north, inSami, Finns, and Estonians, but it is spread widely at lower levels throughout Europe. This distribution, and the age of the haplogroup, indicate individuals from this haplogroup were part of the initial expansion tracking the retreat of ice sheets from Europe around 10.000 years ago.
Haplogroup U5 is found also in small frequencies and at much lower diversity in the Near East and parts of northern Africa (areas with sizable U6 concentrations), suggesting back-migration of people from Europe to the south.[60]
Mitochondrial haplogroup U5a has also been associated with HIV infected individuals displaying accelerated progression to AIDS and death.[61]
  • U5 has polymorphisms in the locations of 3197 9477 13617 16192 16270
    • U5a arose around 20000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 14793 16256 ( + U5 polymorphisms).[27]
      • U5a1 arose around 16000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 15218 16399( + U5a polymorphisms).
        • U5a1a arose around 15000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 1700 16192( + U5a1 polymorphisms).
          • U5a1a1 arose around 12000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 5495 15924( + U5a1a polymorphisms).
            • U5a1a1a arose around 600 AC [56] and has polymorphisms in 3816 (A3816G)(and has lost its polymorphism in 152 (backmutation) + U5a1a1 polymorphisms).
            • U5a1a1b arose around 3300 years ago [56] and has polymorphisms in 15110 (G15110A) (and has lost its polymorphism in 152 (backmutation) + U5a1a1 polymorphisms).
            • U5a1a1c has polymorphisms in 6905 (A6905G) 13015 (T13015C)+ U5a1a1 polymorphisms).[56]
            • U5a1a1d arose around 0 AC [56] and has polymorphisms: G185A T204C T16362C (and has lost its polymorphism in 152 (backmutation) + U5a1a1 polymorphisms).
          • U5a1a2 arose around 10000 years ago [56] and has polymorphisms in 573.1C (deletion) 12346( + U5a1a polymorphisms).
            • U5a1a2a arose around 800 BC [56] and has polymorphisms in 5319 6629 6719( + U5a1a2 polymorphisms).
              • U5a1a2a1 arose around 400 AC [56] and has polymorphisms T6293C ( + U5a1a2a polymorphisms).
        • U5a1b arose around 8500 years ago and has polymorphisms in 9667 (A9667G) ( + U5a1 polymorphisms).
          • U5a1b1 arose around 7000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 16291 (C16291T) ( + U5a1b polymorphisms).
            • U5a1b1a arose around 5000 years ago [56] and has polymorphisms T4553C + U5a1b1 polymorphisms).
              • U5a1b1a1 arose around 500 AC[56] and has polymorphisms C14574T + U5a1b1a polymorphisms).
            • U5a1b1b arose around 3000 years ago [56] and has polymorphisms in 8119 (T8119C)( + U5a1b1 polymorphisms).
            • U5a1b1c arose around 5000 years ago [56] and has polymorphisms in 9055 (G9055A)( + U5a1b1 polymorphisms).
            • U5a1b1c1 arose around 500 BC [56] and has polymorphisms in 1187 (T1187C)( + U5a1b1c polymorphisms).
            • U5a1b1c2 arose around 500 BC [56] and has polymorphisms in 3705 (G3705A)( + U5a1b1c polymorphisms).
            • U5a1b1d has polymorphisms in 12358 16093 ( + U5a1b1 polymorphisms).
            • U5a1b1e has polymorphisms in 12582 16192 16294 ( + U5a1b1 polymorphisms).
          • U5a1b2 has polymorphisms in 9632 ( + U5a1b polymorphisms).
          • U5a1b3 has polymorphisms in 16362 16428 ( + U5a1b polymorphisms).
        • U5a1c arose around 13000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 16320 ( + U5a1 polymorphisms).
          • U5a1c1 has polymorphisms in 195 13802 ( + U5a1c polymorphisms).
          • U5a1c2 has polymorphisms in 961 965.1C (deletion)( + U5a1c polymorphisms).
        • U5a1d arose around 19000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 3027 ( + U5a1 polymorphisms).
          • U5a1d1 has polymorphisms in 5263 13002 (to adenosine)( + U5a1d polymorphisms).
          • U5a1d2 has polymorphisms in 573.1C (deletion) 3552 (+ U5a1d polymorphisms).
            • U5a1d2a has polymorphisms in 195 4823 5583 16145 16189 (+ U5a1d2 polymorphisms).
        • U5a1e has polymorphisms in 3564 8610 ( + U5a1 polymorphisms).
        • U5a1f has polymorphisms in 6023 ( + U5a1 polymorphisms).
      • U5a2 arose around 14000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 16526( + U5a polymorphisms).
        • U5a2a arose around 6000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 13827 13928C 16114 16294 ( + U5a2 polymorphisms).
        • U5a2b arose around 8000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 9548 ( + U5a2 polymorphisms).
        • U5a2c arose around 13000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 10619( + U5a2 polymorphisms).
        • U5a2d and has polymorphisms in 7843 7978 8104 11107 16192! (backmutated in 16192 to the original Cambridge sequence) ( + U5a2 polymorphisms).
        • U5a2e and has polymorphisms in 151 152 3768 15289 16189 16311 16362 ( + U5a2 polymorphisms).
    • U5b arose around 24000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 150 7768 14182( + U5 polymorphisms).
      • U5b1 arose around 18000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 5656( + U5b polymorphisms).
        • U5b1a has polymorphisms in 5656 15097, 16189 and has lost its polymorphism in 7028 (backmutation)( + U5b1 polymorphisms).
        • U5b1b: has been found in Fulbe and Papel people in Guinea-Bissau andYakuts people of northeastern Siberia.[62][63] It arose around 11000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 12618 16189 ( + U5b1 polymorphisms).
        • U5b1c has polymorphisms in 5656 15191, 16189, 16311 + U5b1 polymorphisms) and arose about 13000 years ago.
        • U5b1d has polymorphisms in 5437 5656 and has lost its polymorphism in 16192 (backmutation)( + U5b1 polymorphisms).
        • U5b1e has polymorphisms in 152 2757 10283 12616 16189 and has lost its polymorphism in 16192 (backmutation)( + U5b1 polymorphisms) and arose about 6600 years ago. U5b1e is mainly seen in central Europe among Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians and southern Russians.[64]
        • U5b1g has polymorphisms in 151 228 573.1C 5656 10654 13759 14577 ( + U5b1 polymorphisms).
      • U5b2 arose around 24000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 1721 13637( + U5b polymorphisms).
      • U5b3: The subclade is found primary on the island of Sardinia.[65]

Haplogroup U6

Haplogroup U6 was named 'Ulla' by Bryan Sykes. It is common (around 10% of the people) [60]in North Africa (with a maximum of 29% in an Algerian Mozabites[66]) and the Canary Islands(18% on average with a peak frequency of 50.1% in La Gomera). It is also found in theIberian peninsula, where it has the highest diversity (10 out of 19 sublineages are only found in this region and not in Africa),[67] Eastern Africa and occasionally in other locations.
U6 is thought to have entered North Africa around 30,000 years ago from the Near East. In spite of the highest diversity of Iberian U6, Maca-Meyer argues for a Near East origin of this clade based on the highest diversity of subclade U6a in that region,[67] where it would have arrived from West Asia. She estimates the age of U6 between 25,000 and 66,000 years BP. However, U6 has its highest frequencies in North Africa and seems to be a specific haplogroup of that region.
U6 has three main subclades:[67]
Subgroup U6a reflects the first African expansion from the Maghrib returning to the east. Derivative clade U6a1 signals a posterior movement from East Africa back to the Maghrib and the Near East. This migration coincides with the probable Afroasiatic linguistic expansion. U6b and U6c clades, restricted to West Africa, had more localized expansions. U6b probably reached the Iberian Peninsula during the Capsian diffusion in North Africa. Two autochthonous derivatives of these clades (U6b1 and U6c1) indicate the arrival of North African settlers to the Canarian Archipelago in prehistoric times, most probably due to the Saharan desiccation. The absence of these Canarian lineages nowadays in Africa suggests important demographic movements in the western area of this Continent.
—Maca-Meyer 2003
  • U6a is the most widespread (from Canary Islands and Iberian Peninsula to Syria, Ethiopia and Kenya) and has highest diversity in Eastern Africa. Estimated age: 24-27,500 BP. It has one major subclade:
    • U6a1: with similar distribution to U6a. Estimated age: 15-20,000 BP. Found in Brittany (France) at 4.5% frequency.
  • U6b shows a more patched and western distribution. In the Iberian peninsula U6b is more frequent in the North (while U6a is in the South). It has also been found in low amounts in Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Nigeria. Estimated age: 8,500-24,500 BP. It has one subclade:
    • U6b1: found only in the Canary Islands and in the Iberian peninsula. Estimated age: c. 6000 BP.
  • U6c: only found in Morocco and Canary Islands. Estimated age: 6,000-17,500 BP.
U6a and U6b share a common basal mutation (16219) that is not present in U6c.

Haplogroup U7

Haplogroup U7 is considered a West Eurasian-specific mtDNA haplogroup, believed to have originated in the Black Sea area approximately 30,000-years-ago.[68][69][70] In modern populations, U7 occurs at low frequency in the Caucasus,[70] the western Siberian tribes,[71]West Asia (about 4% in the Near East, while peaking with 10% in Iranians),[68] South Asia (about 12% in Gujarat, the westernmost state of India, while for the whole of India its frequency stays around 2%, and 5% in Pakistan),[68] and the Vedda people of Sri Lanka where it reaches it highest frequency of 13.33% (subclade U7a).[72] One third of the West Eurasian-specific mtDNAs found in India are in haplogroups U7, R2 and W. It is speculated that large-scale immigration carried these mitochondrial haplogroups into India.[68]
The U7 subclades are: U7a (with deep-subclades U7a1, U7a2, U7a2a, U7a2b)[73] and U7b.[73]
Genetic analysis of individuals associated with the Late Hallstatt culture from Baden-Württemberg Germany considered to be examples of Iron Age "princely burials" included haplogroup U7.[74] Haplogroup U7 was reported to have been found in 1200-year-old human remains (dating to around AD 834), in a woman believed to be from a Royal Clan, who was buried with the Viking Oseberg ship in Norway.[75] Haplogroup U7 was found in 1000-year-old human remains (dating to around AD 1000-1250) in a Christian cemetery is Kongemarken Denmark. However, U7 is rare among present-day ethnic Scandinavians.[71]

Haplogroup U8

  • U8a: The Basques have the most ancestral phylogeny in Europe for the mitochondrial haplogroup U8a, a rare subgroup of U8, placing the Basque origin of this lineage in the Upper Palaeolithic. The lack of U8a lineages in Africa suggests that their ancestors may have originated from West Asia.[6]
  • U8b: This clade has been found in Italy and Jordan.[6]

Haplogroup K

See main article Haplogroup K (mtDNA). Haplogroup K makes up a sizeable fraction of European and West Asian mtDNA lineages. It is now known it is actually a subclade of haplogroup U8b'K,[6] and is believed to have first arisen in northeastern Italy. Haplogroup UK shows some evidence of being highly protective against AIDS progression.[61]

Haplogroup U9

Haplogroup U9 is a rare clade in mtDNA phylogeny, characterized only recently in a few populations of Pakistan (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Its presence in Ethiopia and Yemen, together with some Indian-specific M lineages in the Yemeni sample, points to gene flow along the coast of the Arabian Sea. Haplogroups U9 and U4 share two common mutations at the root of their phylogeny. It is interesting that, in Pakistan, U9 occurs frequently only among the so-called "negroid Makrani" population. In this particular population, lineages specific to sub-Saharan Africans occur as frequently as 39%, which suggests that U9 lineages in Pakistan may have an African origin (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Regardless of which coast of the Arabian Sea may have been the origin of U9, its Ethiopian–southern Arabian–Indus Basin distribution hints that its diversification from U4 may have occurred in regions far away from the current area of the highest diversity and frequency of haplogroup U4—East Europe and western Siberia.[76]

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup U subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.

See also

Mitochondrial Eve (L)
L0L1–6
L1L2L3L4L5L6
MN
CZDEGQASRIWXY
CZBFR0pre-JTP U
HVJTK
HVJT

References

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b van Oven M, Kayser M (February 2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–94.doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b c Karmin, Monika (2005). Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup R in India. University of Tartu.
  3. Jump up^ Bryan Sykes (2001). The Seven Daughters of Eve. London; New York: Bantam Press.ISBN 0393020185.
  4. Jump up^ "Maternal Ancestry". Oxford Ancestors. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  5. Jump up^ [1], A Revised Timescale for Human Evolution Based on Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes, Fu et al. 2013
  6. ^ Jump up to:a b c d González AM, García O, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM (2006). "The mitochondrial lineage U8a reveals a Paleolithic settlement in the Basque country". BMC Genomics 7: 124.doi:10.1186/1471-2164-7-124. PMC 1523212. PMID 16719915.
  7. Jump up^ [2], FamilyTreeDNA - mtDNA haplogroup U1 project
  8. ^ Jump up to:a b [3], Phylogeny of mt-hg U3, Ron Scott 2010
  9. ^ Jump up to:a b [4], Relic excavated in western India is probably of Georgian Queen Ketevan, Rai et al. 2014
  10. ^ Jump up to:a b c [5], Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans, Mait Metspalu, et al. 2004
  11. ^ Jump up to:a b [6], Distribution of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup N inIndia with Special Reference to Haplogroup R and its Sub-Haplogroup U, Vasulu, et al. 2008
  12. Jump up^ [7], Phylogeografic analysis of mitochondrial DNA Nogays: the high level of mixture of maternal lineages from Eastern and Western Eurasia, Bermisheva et al. 2004
  13. ^ Jump up to:a b [8], Mitochondrial DNA variation in Kets and Nganasans and the early peoples of Northern Eurasia, Derbeneva et al. 2002
  14. Jump up^ [9], Phylogeny of mt-hg U2a, Ron Scott 2009
  15. Jump up^ [10], Phylogeny of mt-hg U2b, Ron Scott 2010
  16. Jump up^ [11], Phylogeny of mt-hg U2c, Ron Scott 2009
  17. Jump up^ [12], Phylogeny of mt-hg U2d, Ron Scott 2009
  18. Jump up^ [13], Phylogeny of mt-hg U2e, Ron Scott 2010
  19. Jump up^ [14], Mitochondrial haplogroup U2d phylogeny and distribution, Malyarchuk, et al. 2008
  20. Jump up^ [15], BBC News: DNA analysed from early European, 2010
  21. Jump up^ [16], Emerging genetic patterns of the European Neolithic: perspectives from a late Neolithic Bell Beaker burial site in Germany, Lee et al. 2012
  22. Jump up^ [17], Rare mtDNA haplogroups and genetic differences in rich and poor Danish Iron-Age villages, Melchior et al. 2008
  23. Jump up^ [18], A Western Eurasian Male Is Found in 2000-Year-Old Elite Xiongnu Cemetery in Northeast Mongolia, Kijeong Kim, et al. 2010
  24. Jump up^ [19], Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians, Derenko et al. 2013
  25. Jump up^ Richards M, Macaulay V, Hickey E, et al. (November 2000). "Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool". American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (5): 1251–76. doi:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62954-1. PMC 1288566. PMID 11032788.
  26. Jump up^ Quintana-Murci L, Chaix R, Wells RS, et al. (May 2004). "Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor". American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 827–45. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978.PMID 15077202.
  27. ^ Jump up to:a b Malyarchuk BA, Grzybowski T, Derenko MV, Czarny J, Miścicka-Sliwka D (March 2006). "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the Polish Roma". Annals of Human Genetics 70 (2): 195–206.doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00222.x. PMID 16626330.
  28. Jump up^ [20], Reconstructing the Indian Origin and Dispersal of the European Roma: A Maternal Genetic Perspective, Mendizabal et al. 2011
  29. ^ Jump up to:a b [21], Phylogeny of mt-hg U3, Ron Scott 2010
  30. ^ Jump up to:a b [22], Ancient mtDNA sequences and radiocarbon dating of human bones from the Chalcolithic caves of Wadi El‐Makkukh,Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Salamon et al. 2010
  31. Jump up^ [23], Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool, Richards et al. 2000
  32. Jump up^ [24], TNeolithic pots and potters in Europe: the end of ‘demic diffusion’ migratory mode, Mihael Budja 2013
  33. Jump up^ [25], The Peopling of Europe from the Mitochondrial Haplogroup U5 Perspective, Malyarchuk et al. 2010
  34. Jump up^ [26], Maternal Ancestry: The clan of Ulrike, Oxford Ancestors, 2013
  35. Jump up^ [27], Ancient DNA Reveals Prehistoric Gene-Flow from Siberia in the Complex Human Population History of North East Europe, Sarkissian et al. 2013
  36. Jump up^ [28], Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities, Haak et al. 2010
  37. ^ Jump up to:a b c [29], Traces of Early Eurasians in the Mansi of Northwest Siberia Revealed by Mitochondrial DNA, Derbeneva et al. 2002
  38. Jump up^ [30], Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas, Volodko et al. 2008
  39. Jump up^ [31], Pakistan Today: Safeguarding Kalash heritage, Bashir, 2012
  40. Jump up^ [32], U4a1 Genbank Sequences, Ian Logan 2014
  41. Jump up^ Quintana-Murci, Lluís et al. (2004). "Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor.". American Journal of Human Genetics 74: 2004. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202.
  42. Jump up^ Quintana-Murci L, Chaix R, Wells RS, et al. (May 2004). "Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 827–45. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202.
  43. Jump up^ [33], U4 Haplogroup: A blog dedicated to the U4 Haplogroup - The Kalash,
  44. Jump up^ [34], Phylogeny of mt-hg U4a, Ron Scott 2011
  45. Jump up^ [35], Phylogeny of mt-hg U4b, Ron Scott 2011
  46. Jump up^ [36], Phylogeny of mt-hg U4c, Ron Scott 2011
  47. Jump up^ [37], Phylogeny of mt-hg U4d, Ron Scott 2010
  48. Jump up^ [38], Oxford Ancestors Ltd. - Maternal Ancestry
  49. Jump up^ [39], Eupedia: Prehistoric European DNA - mtDNA & Y-DNA Haplogroup Frequencies by Period
  50. ^ Jump up to:a b Malmstrom, H.et al. (November 2009). "Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Scandinavians". Current Biology 1: 1–5.doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017.
  51. ^ Jump up to:a b [40], Genetic Diversity among Ancient Nordic Populations, Melchior et al 2010
  52. Jump up^ [41], Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny in Eastern and Western Slavs, Malyarchuk et al. 2008
  53. Jump up^ [42], Ancestral Journeys: Ancient Western Eurasian DNA of the Copper and Bronze Ages, 2009
  54. Jump up^ [43], Genetic Diversity among Ancient Nordic Populations: Table 1. Nucleotide substitutions and mtDNA haplogroups assigned for individuals from the Neolithic site Damsbo (4,200 YBP) and the Early Bronze Age site Bredtoftegård (3,300–3,500 YBP), Melchior et al 2010
  55. Jump up^ [44], A Comprehensive hg U Mutation List, Ron Scott 2010
  56. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Behar DM, van Owen M, Rosset, Metspalu M, et al. (2012). "A "Copernican" reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root". Am J Hum Genet 90 (4): 675–684. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002. PMC 3322232. PMID 22482806.
  57. Jump up^ Bramanti B, Thomas MG, Haak W, et al. (October 2009). "Genetic discontinuity between local hunter-gatherers and central Europe's first farmers". Science 326 (5949): 137–40.doi:10.1126/science.1176869. PMID 19729620.
  58. Jump up^ Deguilloux, M-F.,et al. (January 2011). "News from the west: Ancient DNA from a French megalithic burial chamber". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144 (1): 108–18.doi:10.1002/ajpa.21376. PMID 20717990.
  59. Jump up^ Federico Sánchez-Quinto, Hannes Schroeder, Oscar Ramirez, María C. Ávila-Arcos, Marc Pybus, Iñigo Olalde, Amhed M.V. Velazquez, María Encina Prada Marcos, Julio Manuel Vidal Encinas, Jaume Bertranpetit, Ludovic Orlando, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Carles Lalueza-Fox (June 2012). "Genomic Affinities of Two 7,000-Year-Old Iberian Hunter-Gatherers". Current Biology 22 (16): 1494–9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.005. PMID 22748318.
  60. ^ Jump up to:a b The Genographic Project at National Geographic
  61. ^ Jump up to:a b Hendrickson SL, Hutcheson HB, Ruiz-Pesini E, et al. (November 2008). "Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups influence AIDS progression". AIDS 22 (18): 2429–39.doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831940bb. PMC 2699618. PMID 19005266.
  62. Jump up^ Rosa A, Ornelas C, Jobling MA, Brehm A, Villems R (2007). "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective". BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 124.doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-124. PMC 1976131. PMID 17662131.
  63. Jump up^ Achilli A, Rengo C, Battaglia V, et al. (May 2005). "Saami and Berbers--an unexpected mitochondrial DNA link". American Journal of Human Genetics 76 (5): 883–6.doi:10.1086/430073. PMC 1199377. PMID 15791543.
  64. Jump up^ Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Grzybowski T, Perkowa M, Rogalla U, Vanecek T, Tsybovsky I (November 2010). Gilbert, M. Thomas P, ed. "The Peopling of Europe from the Mitochondrial Haplogroup U5 Perspective". PLoS ONE 5 (4): e10285. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010285.PMC 2858207. PMID 20422015.
  65. Jump up^ Pala M, Achilli A, Olivieri A, et al. (June 2009). "Mitochondrial haplogroup U5b3: a distant echo of the epipaleolithic in Italy and the legacy of the early Sardinians". American Journal of Human Genetics 84 (6): 814–21. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.004. PMC 2694970.PMID 19500771.
  66. Jump up^ "Joining the Pillars of Hercules: mtDNA Sequences Show Multidirectional Gene Flow in the Western Mediterranean" (pdf).
  67. ^ Jump up to:a b c Maca-Meyer N, González AM, Pestano J, Flores C, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM (October 2003). "Mitochondrial DNA transit between West Asia and North Africa inferred from U6 phylogeography". BMC Genetics 4: 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-4-15. PMC 270091.PMID 14563219.
  68. ^ Jump up to:a b c d [45], Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans, Metspalu et al. 2004
  69. Jump up^ [46], The Oseberg women and the Gokstad man retain their genetic secrets, Kulturhistorisk Museum - University of Oslo
  70. ^ Jump up to:a b [47], U7 Haplogroup Mitochondrial DNA Project
  71. ^ Jump up to:a b [48], mtDNA analysis of human remains from an early Danish Christian cemetery, Rudbeck et al. 2005
  72. Jump up^ [49], Mitochondrial DNA history of Sri Lankan ethnic people: their relations within the island and with the Indian subcontinental populations, Ranaweera et al. 2013
  73. ^ Jump up to:a b [50], Phylogeny of mt-hg U7, Ron Scott 2010
  74. Jump up^ [51], An ancient DNA perspective on the Iron Age "princely burials" from Baden-Württemberg Germany, Lee et al. 2012
  75. Jump up^ Berglund, Nina (Mar 26, 2007). "Viking woman had roots near the Black Sea - Aftenposten - News in English". Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  76. Jump up^ Kivisild, Toomas; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Rosa, Alexandra; Brehm, Antonio; Pennarun, Erwan; Parik, Jüri; Geberhiwot, Tarekegn et al. (2004). "Ethiopian mitochondrial DNA heritage: tracking gene flow across and around the gate of tears". The American Journal of Human Genetics 75 (5): 752–770. doi:10.1086/425161. PMC 1182106.PMID 15457403.

External links


Гаплогруппа U (мтДНК)


Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии

Гаплогруппа U
ТипмтДНК
Время появления60 тыс. лет назад
Место появленияБлижний Восток
Предковая группаГаплогруппа R
Мутации-маркеры
Преобладающие носителиU[1]: балкарцы, карачаевцы, курды, марокканцы, сирийцы, тунисцы. U2[2]: удмурты. U3[3]: иорданцы. U4[4]: башкиры, чуваши. U5[5]: аварцы, англичане, баски, белорусы, бретонцы, даргинцы, ингуши, каталонцы, латвийцы, литовцы, мокша, норвежцы, поляки, русские, саамы, сардинцы, сербы, словаки, татары, украинцы, финны, хорваты, чехи, чеченцы, чуваши, шведы, эрзя, эстонцы. U6[6]: берберы (кабилы и мозабиты), жители Канарских островов.

Распространение митохондриальных гаплогрупп U и K в Европе
В популяционной генетике человекагаплогруппой U называют одну из гаплогрупп, выявленных при анализе последовательности мутаций в митохондриальной ДНК (mtDNA). Эта гаплогруппа широко распространена в Европе, её носители отделились от макрогруппы R, подгруппы вгаплогруппе N, около 60 тыс. лет назад. За прошедшее с тех пор время гаплогруппа U, кроме Европы, распространилась также в Северной Африке, Аравии, Индии и на Ближнем Востоке[1].
Разделилась на 8 подгрупп, от гаплогруппы U8 отделилась такжегаплогруппа К[2].

Гаплогруппа U1

В основном встречается на Ближнем Востоке, хотя с более низкой частотой может быть также обнаружена во всём Средиземноморье. Например, U1a распространена на большом пространстве от Индии до Атлантики, но очень редко встречается на западных и северных берегах Европы, в том числе на Британских островах и в Скандинавии. Несколько носителей обнаружено в Италии (в Тоскане). В Индии U1a найдена в западной части. U1b распространена в тех же регионах, но с ещё меньшей частотой. Немногочисленные носители обнаружены в еврейской диаспоре. В Восточной Европе U1a и U1b распространены с одинаковой частотой[3].

Гаплогруппа U2

С низкой частотой встречается по всей Европе и на Ближнем Востоке[4].
Гаплогруппа U2 обнаружена в скелете молодого человека K14, жившего около 37 тыс. лет назад и найденного на стоянке Маркина Гора Костёнковского комплекса стояноккаменного века (виллендорф-костёнковская культура)[5].
U2 обнаружена у представителя ямной культуры[6]. Один мужчина хунну из Duurlig Nars в Северо-Восточной Монголии, живший 2000 лет назад, оказался обладателем митохондриальной гаплогруппы U2e1[7].

Гаплогруппа U3

В Европе и Средней Азии распространение зафиксировано на уровне 1 % населения, на Ближнем Востоке — 2,5 %. Носителями U3 является около 6 % населения Кавказа (усванов наличие U3 составляет 4,2 %) и от 36 % до 56 % у цыган Польши, Литвы и Испании[8] [9] [10].

Гаплогруппа U4

Широко распространилась в Европе примерно 25 тыс. лет назад. U4 обнаружена у представителей катакомбной культуры[11] и у представителя ямной культуры.

Гаплогруппа U5

Наряду с U8a старейшая гаплогруппа в Европе. Возраст — от 50 до 60 тыс. лет[12]. Чаще всего встречается на севере, среди саамов, финнов и эстонцев (преимущественно U5b), но с низкой частотой может быть обнаружена и в остальных частях Европы, на Ближнем Востоке и в Африке[1]. Эта гаплогруппа обнаружена у  Чеддарского человека — мумии эпохи мезолита из Англии, а также у ископаемых скелетов охотников-собирателей из Германии, Польши, Литвы и Испании[13]. U5 обнаружена у представителей ямной культуры. У мезолитического охотника-собирателя La Braña 1, жившего около 7 тыс. лет назад на северо-западе Иберийского полуострова, была выявлена гаплогруппа U5b2c1[14][15]. U5a1 обнаружена у представителей катакомбной культуры.
Подгруппа U5a считается особо восприимчивой к синдрому приобретённого иммунного дефицита[16].

Гаплогруппа U6

На уровне 10 % распространена в Северной Африке, особенно среди алжирскихберберов (29 %)[1][17], а также на Пиренейском полуострове, Канарских островах[17] и в Восточной Африке. Хотя на Пиренеях распространение гаплогруппы U6 достигает максимума, считается, что возникла она не здесь, а в Восточной Африке между 25 и 66 тыс. лет назад[17].
Среди трёх основных подгрупп U6[17]:
  • U6a распространена от Канарских островов и Пиренейского полуострова до Сирии, Эфиопии и Кении с наивысшей частотой в Восточной Африке. Возраст: 24 — 27 тыс. лет. Выделяется также гаплогруппа U6a1, распространённая в тех же регионах, но выделившаяся около 15 — 20 тыс. лет назад.
  • U6b встречается чаще в западных регионах, в Испании — на севере страны, кроме неё — в Марокко, Алжире, Сенегале и Нигерии. Возраст: 8,5 — 12 тыс. лет. Подгруппа U6b1, выделившаяся около 6 тыс. лет назад, встречается только на Пиренейском полуострове и Канарских островах.
  • U6c имеется только в Марокко и на Канарских островах. Возраст: 6 — 17,5 тыс. лет. Не имеет мутации (16219), общей для U6a и U6b.

Гаплогруппа U7

Во многих европейских популяциях эта гаплогруппа отсутствует, но на Ближнем Востоке частота её распространения превышает 4 %, достигая 10 % среди жителей Ирана и вновь опускаясь до 5 % в Пакистане. На западе Индии к носителям этой гаплогруппы относится 12 % населения, но в остальных регионах страны — только 2 %. Родиной U7 считают Иран или западную Индию[18]. Одна из женщин, похороненных вОсебергском корабле, имела гаплогруппу U7.

Гаплогруппа U8

  • U8a специфична для басков, поскольку в Северной Африке отсутствует, считается, что она занесена из Западной Азии[2].
  • U8b найдена в Италии и Иордании[2].

Гаплогруппа UK

Считается, что носители гаплогруппы UK мало восприимчивы к синдрому приобретённого иммунного дефицита[16].

См. также

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Примечания

↑ Показывать компактно
  1. ↑ Перейти к:1 2 3 The Genographic Project at National Geographic
  2. ↑ Перейти к:1 2 3 A. González et al. The mitochondrial lineage U8a reveals a Paleolithic settlement in the Basque country. BMC Genomics, 2006
  3. ↑ mtDNA Haplogroup U1a page at cagetti.com
  4. ↑ FTDNA mtDNA U2 Haplogroup project.
  5. ↑ Молекулярная Генеалогия > Статьи > A Complete mtDNA Genome of an Early Modern Human from Kostenki, Russia
  6. ↑ Yamna Culture (c. 3500-2500 BCE)
  7. ↑ A western Eurasian male is found in 2000-year-old elite Xiongnu cemetery in Northeast Mongolia
  8. ↑ http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Richards2000.pdf
  9. ↑ JSTOR: An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie
  10. ↑ Blackwell Synergy — Cookie Absent
  11. ↑ Catacomb Culture (c. 2800-1900 BCE)
  12. ↑ Barbujani G, Bertorelle G. «Genetics and the population history of Europe.» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2001.[1]
  13. ↑ Lenta.ru: Прогресс: ДНК рассказала о связях между древними европейцами
  14. ↑ Brown-skinned, blue-eyed, Y-haplogroup C-bearing European hunter-gatherer from Spain (Olalde et al. 2014)
  15. ↑ Genomic affinities of two 7,000-year-old Iberian hunter-gatherers
  16. ↑ Перейти к:1 2 Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups influence AIDS progression.
  17. ↑ Перейти к:1 2 3 4 N. Maca-Mayer, Mitochondrial DNA transit between West Asia and North Africa inferred from U6 phylogeography. BMC Genetics, 2003
  18. ↑ http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Metspalu2004.pdf#

Ссылки

Автор: varent на 08:50
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