Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome haplogroups extracted from the earliest prehistoric human remains in Europe and related remains in Asia, arranged chronologically. cal BP = calibrated date before present, where present = 1950 CE/AD. For haplogroup nomenclature and aDNA issues see Introduction to ancient DNA.
Culture |
Country |
Site and/or Individual |
Sex |
Date |
Genome |
Y-DNA |
mtDNA |
Source |
||
| pigmentation from genes | usually approximate | number of SNPs | Haplogroup | Additional information | Haplogroup | Additional information | ||||
| Russia | Ust'-Ishim, western Siberia | M | 47,480-42,560 cal BP | 2,137,615 | K(xLT), renamed K2 | M526 | R* | 73G, 263G, 750G, 1438G, 2706G, 3107d, 4769G, 7028T, 8860G, 11719A, 14766T, 15326G, 16150 | Fu 2014; Fu 2016 | |
| Romania | Peştera cu Oase [Oase 1] | M | 41,640-37,580 cal BP | 285,076 | F | N | 73G, 263G, 750G, 1438G, 2706G, 3107d, 4769G, 7028T, 8860G, 11719A, 12705T, 14766T, 15326G, 16223T | Fu 2015; Fu 2016 | ||
| Proto-Aurignacian | Italy | Grotta di Fumane [Fumane 2] | 41,110-38,500 cal BP | R* | 73G, 263G, 750G, 1438G, 2706G, 4769G, 7028T, 8860G, 11719A, 14766T, 15326G. 5585A, 16129A and 16304C | Benazzi 2015 | ||||
| Russia | Kostenki 14 - Markina Gora,Voronezh region [Kostenki 14] | M | 38,680-36,260 cal BP | 1,774,156 | C1b | M130, P255, V183, V199, V232, F3393, F1370 | U2 | 11467, 12308, 12372, 1811, 16051 | Seguin-Orlando 2014; Fu 2013; Krause 2010; Fu 2016 | |
| Aurignacian | Belgium | Troisième caverne (Goyet) [Goyet Q116-1] | M | 35,160-34,430 cal BP | 846,938 | C1a | M130, V232, F3393, CTS11043 | M | G207A, C1556T, C6045T, C8619a, A11084G, T16297C | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 |
| Gravettian | Italy | Grotta Paglicci [PA133 (23C-2)] | M | 34,580-31,2010 cal BP | 82,330 | I | CTS674+, CTS9269+, FGC2416- , CTS8300-, PF3815-, L80- , M253-, L81-, M307.2- , FGC2416, CTS8300-, PF3815- | U8c | C16519T, (6N, 11N) | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 |
| Aurignacian | Belgium | Troisième caverne (Goyet) [Goyet 376-3] | 33,940-33,140 cal BP | M | G207A, C1556T, A6040G, C6041T, C6045T, C8619a, A11084G, T16297C | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 | ||||
| Romania | Peştera Muierilor [Muierii2] | F | 33,760-32,840 cal BP | 98,618 | U6 | Hervella 2016; Fu 2016 | ||||
| Romania | Peştera Cioclovina Uscată [Cioclovina1] | M | 33,090-31,780 cal BP | 12,784 | CT | M5756 | U | T15889C, C16519T, (G12372A) | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 | |
| Russia | Kostenki 12 - Volkovskaya, Voronezh region [Kostenki 12] | M | 32,990-31,840 cal BP | 61,228 | CT | M5609, M5611, M5692, M5712, M5737, CTS9948 | U2 | Fu 2016 | ||
| Gravettian | Austria | Krems-Wachtberg [Krems-WA 3] | M | 31,250-30,690 cal BP | 203,986 | U5 | Fu 2016 | |||
| Gravettian | Czech Republic | Pavlov [Pavlov 1] | M | 31,110-29,410 cal BP | 57,005 | IJK | L16, CTS4517, FGC2414 | U5 | Fu 2016 | |
| Gravettian | Czech Republic | Dolni Vestonice [13] | M | 31,070-30,670 cal BP | 139,568 | CT (notIJK) | CTS109, CTS5318, CTS6327, CTS8243, CTS9556, Z17718, Y1571, M5831, (P126-, L16-) | U8c | 151, 3480, 7031, 10398, 16189 | Fu 2013; Fu 2016 |
| Gravettian | Czech Republic | Dolni Vestonice [15] | M | 31,070-30,670 cal BP | 30,900 | BT | PF1178 | U5 | 16192, 16270, | Fu 2013; Fu 2016 |
| Gravettian | Czech Republic | Dolni Vestonice [14] | M | 31,070-30,670 cal BP | 5,677 | U5 | 16192, 16270 | Fu 2013; Fu 2016 | ||
| Gravettian | Czech Republic | Dolní Vĕstonice [DV 16] | M | 30,710-29,310 cal BP | 945,292 | C1a2 | CTS11043, V20, V86 (F1370-) | U5 | G1462A, C16519T, (4N, 6N) | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 |
| Gravettian | Czech Republic | Dolní Vĕstonice [DV 43] | M | 30,710-29,310 cal BP | 163,946 | F | P145, P158, PF3641,
FI4, CTS2193, CTS4848, CTS8963, CTS11540 |
U | T16231C, C16519T | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 |
| Gravettian | Russia | Sunghir
[S2
and S3] |
M & F | 30,100 ± 550 BP | Unreliable | Two samples 16129A reported in same grave. Contamination suspected. Even if genuine, this mutation is found in multiple haplogroups and so is uninformative in isolation. | Alexeeva 2000; Ovchinnikov and Goodwin 2003 ; Maram 2012 for date | |||
| Gravettian | Italy | The Grotta di Santa Maria di Agnano, Ostuni [Ostuni2] | F | 29,310-28,640 cal BP | 17,017 | U2 | Fu 2016 | |||
| Gravettian | Italy | Grotta Paglicci [PA108 (21B-1)] | F | 28,430-27,070 cal BP | 4,330 | U2'3'4'7'8'9 | G1709A, G6260A, T9716C, C16256T, C16519T (C14766T) | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 | ||
| Gravettian | Belgium | Troisième caverne (Goyet) [Goyet Q53-1] | F | 28,230-27,720 cal BP | 12,567 | U2 | C152T!!, T217C, T5426C, G12406A, A12579G, 16129G, T16189C!, (1N) | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 | ||
| Gravettian | Italy | Grotta Paglicci, Foggia [23] | 28,000 BP | Unreliable | Contaminated. | Caramelli 2008; Fu 2013, supplementary table S6. See PA133 below) | ||||
| Gravettian | Italy | The Grotta di Santa Maria di Agnano, Ostuni [Ostuni1] | F | 27,810-27,430 cal BP | 369,313 | M | Fu 2016 | |||
| Gravettian | Belgium | Troisième caverne (Goyet) [Goyet Q55-2] | 27,730-27,310 cal BP | U2 | C152T!!, T217C, C4011T, C4013T, T5426C, G12406A, A12579G, T16092C,
G16129c, T16189C!, (T16092C) |
Posth 2016; Fu 2016 | ||||
| Gravettian | Belgium | Troisième caverne (Goyet) [Goyet Q376-19] | F | 27,720-27,310 cal BP | 25,400 | U2 | C152T!!, T217C, T5426C, G12406A, A12579G, T16092C, G16129c, T16189C! | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 | ||
| Gravettian | France | La Rochette (saint Léon-sur-Vézère) | 27,780-27,400 cal BP | M | G207A, C1556T, C6045T, C6164T, C8619a, A11084G, C12816T, (525insAC,
16297N) |
Posth 2016; Fu 2016 | ||||
| Gravettian | Belgium | Troisième caverne (Goyet) [Goyet 2878-21] | 27,060-26,270 cal BP | U5 | T3202C, C3612T, C13272T, A13299G, T16192C!, C16519T | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 | ||||
| Gravettian | Belgium | Troisième caverne (Goyet) [Goyet Q56-16] | F | 26,600-26,040 cal BP | 9,988 | U2 | C152T!!, T217C, T5426C, G16129c, T16189C!, T16362C | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 | ||
| Gravettian | Wales, UK | Paviland [Red Lady] |
M | 26,000 BP | Unreliable | CRS; Cloning not used; contamination highly likely. | Sykes 2000 | |||
| Gravettian | Italy | Grotta Paglicci [12] | 24,000 BP | Unreliable | Contaminated. | Caramelli 2003; Bandelt 2005; Fu 2013, supplementary table S6. | ||||
| Gravettian | Italy | Grotta Paglicci [25] | 24,000 BP | Unreliable | Contaminated. | Caramelli 2003; Fu 2013, supplementary table S6. | ||||
| Russia | Mal'ta, Siberia [MA-1] Brown eyes; dark brown hair; dark skin | M | 24,520-24,090 cal BP | 1,439,501 | R* | U* | C324T, T482C, T3540C, T8258C, A10289G, A11467G, A12308G, G12372A, A13350G, G14364A, A14776G, A16399G | Raghavan 2013; Fu 2016 | ||
| Epigravettian | Italy | Grotta Paglicci [PA71 (8A)] | 19,250-18,210 cal BP | U5b2b | C6910T, C16519T, (11N, 4467N, 5213N, 5844N, 7396N, 15050N, 16313N) | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 | ||||
| Magdalenian | Spain | El Mirón Cave, Cantabria [Red Lady of El Mirón; ElMiron] | F | 18,830-18,610 cal BP | 797,714 | U5b | Fu 2016 | |||
| Solutrian | Spain | Nerja, Málaga [NE-NM 82.2] | 18,000-15,000 BC | Unreliable | 16126C, 16311Y | Fernández 2005 | ||||
| Solutrian | Spain | Nerja, Málaga [NE-NT 79] | 18,000-15,000 BC | U | 16192T 16311C | Fernández 2005 | ||||
| Magdalenian | Russia | Afontova Gora [Afontova Gora 3] | F | 16,930-16,490 cal BP | 286,355 | R1b | Fu 2016 | |||
| Russia | Afontova Gora [Afontova Gora 2] | M | 16,930-16,490 cal BP | 143,751 | Fu 2016 | |||||
| Magdalenian | Germany | Hohle Fels [49 (Ib1 66), 10 (Ic 405)] | M | 16,000-14,260 cal BP | 63,151 | I | CTS674, CTS9269 | U8a | 2 samples C150T, G1422A, C16519T, C9365T missing | Bramanti 2009; Posth 2016; Fu 2016 |
| Magdalenian | France | Rigney [1] | F | 15,690-15,240 cal BP | 35,600 | U2'3'4'7'8'9 | C150T, T152C!, T6152C, T5999C, T10020C, A12082G, A12530G, G15466A,
T16297C |
Posth 2016; Fu 2016 | ||
| Magdalenian | Belgium | Troisième caverne (Goyet) [Goyet Q 2] | M | 15,230-14,780 cal BP | 72,263 | HIJK | F929+, PF3837+ | U8a | C150T, G1422A, C16519T, C9365T missing | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 |
| Magdalenian | Germany | Brillenhohle | M | 15,120-14,440 cal BP | 13,459 | U8a | G1422A, C16519T, C9365T missing, (C14519N, 10107N, 14493N) | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 | ||
| Magdalenian | Germany | Burkhardtshöhle | M | 15,080-14,150 cal BP | 38,376 | I | CTS5650+ | U8a | C150T, G1422A, C16519T, C9365T missing, (A7055G) | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 |
| Magdalenian | Germany | Hohle Fels [79] | M | 15,070-14,270 cal BP | 11,211 | U8a | C150T, G1422A, C16519T, C9365T missing | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 | ||
| Epigravettian | Italy | Villabruna, Sovramonte – Belluno, Veneto | M | 14,180-13,780 cal BP | 1,215,433 | R1b1 [R1b1a with additional SNPs] | P224, M734, P285, P227, P294, P242, P238, P245, M173, P286, P236, M306, L278. [Derived for additional SNPs L754/PF6269/YSC0000022+, A702/Z8137+, CTS4244/PF6257/YSC0001279/V2997+, CTS7585+, C41/M12190/SK2062/V1501/Z8135/Y108+, L1345/PF6266/YSC0000224+, L761/PF6258/YSC0000266+, L774/PF6245/YSC0000277+, PF6263+, PF6271+ which make it R1b1a on current ISOGG tree] | U5b2b | 16261, 16274 | Di Benedetto 2000; Fu 2016; Additional info on Y-SNA SNPs from Sergey Malyshev |
| Azalian | Switzerland | Grotte du Bichon | M | 13,770-13,560 cal BP | 2,116,782 | I2 | U5b1h | Mutations with respect to the Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence: 146T, 150T, 152T, 195T, 247G, [384G not found], 769G, 825T, 1018G, 2758G, 2885T, 3197C, 3594C, 4104A, 4312C, [5656G non found], 7028C, 7146A, 7256C, [7521G not found], 7768G, 8468C, 8655C, 8701A, 9477A, 9540T, 10398A, 10664C, 10688G, 10810T, 10873T, 10915T, 11467G, 11914G, 12308G, 12372A, 12705C, 13105A, 13276A, 13506C, 13617C, 13650C, 14182C, 16129G, 16187C, 16223C, 16230A, 16270T, 16278C, 16311T, 16519T | Jones 2015; Fu 2016 | |
| Epigravettian | Georgia | Satsurblia cave | M | 13,380-13,130 cal BP | 1,460,368 | J1 | Low coverage. L255+, CTS426/PF4641/YSC307+, CTS10759+, CTS11188/PF4784+, CTS11636/PF4785+, CTS6101/PF3543+, F4306+, FGC20301/Y6337/ZS3624+, FGC20303/Y6336/ZS3620+, CTS3219/ZS80-. | K3 | Mutations reported here are with respect to the Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence: 146T, 150T, 152T, [235G not found], 247G, 560T, 769G, 825T, 1018G, 1097T, 1811G, 2758G, 2885T, 3480G, 3594C, 4104A, 4312C, 4769A, 6027T, 7146A, 7256C, 7498A, 7521G, 7657C, [8188G not found], 8468C, 8655C, 8701A, 9055A, 9540T, 9698C, [9852T not found], 10398A, 10550G, 10664C, 10688G, 10810T, 10873T, 10915T, 11299C, 11467G, 11914G, 12308G, 12372A, 12705C, 13105A, 13276A, 13506C, 13650C, 14167T, 14198A, 14212C, 14798C, 15924G, [16093C not found], 16129G, 16148T, [16153A not found], 16187C, 16189T, 16223C, 16224C, 16230A, 16278C | Jones 2015; Fu 2016; Additional info on Y-SNA SNPs from Chris Rоttеnѕtеіnеr |
| Epipaleolithic | France | Rochedane (Villars-sous-Dampjoux) | M | 13,090-12,830 cal BP | 237,390 | I | PF3641, CTS4088, CTS7593, CTS8420, CTS10058, PF3800, PF3803, L68 | U5b2b | A8449G, T16086C, C16519T, (525insAC) | Posth 2016Fu 2016 |
| Italy | Grotta Paglicci [Accesso sala 2 Rim P] | 13,000 - 9000 BC | U2'3'4'7'8'9 | 146, 150, 152, 5999, 6152, 6498C>A, 8860, 10020, 14152, 15326, 15466, 16274, 16297 | Fu 2013 | |||||
| Magdalenian | Spain | Erralla (Gipuzkoa) [ERR-1] | 12,300 BP | U5b | 73G, 16270 | Hervella 2012; Brandt 2013 | ||||
| Epipaleolithic | France | Aven des Iboussières, Malataverne [IBS-9 (39)] | M | 12,040-11,410 cal BP | 9,659 | U5b2b | 6027A, 8161T, T8167C, T13356C, C16519T | Posth 2016; Fu 2016 | ||
| Germany | Oberkassel [998] | 12,000 BC | U5b1 | 16192! | Fu 2013 | |||||
| Germany | Oberkassel [998, 999] | 11,400 BC | U5b1 | 16189, 16166 | Fu 2013 | |||||
| Magdalenian | Spain | El Pirulejo [1P1] | 11,500-10,500 BC | ? | 16182C, 16183C, 16189C | Fernández 2005 | ||||
| Magdalenian | Spain | El Pirulejo [2P1] | 11,500-10,500 BC | Unreliable | CRS | Fernández 2005 | ||||
| Magdalenian | Spain | La Pasiega (Cantabria) [PS-1] | R0 or HV | rCRS in HVRI, G73A, reported as H | Hervella 2012 | |||||
| Epipaleolithic | France | Aven des Iboussières, Malataverne [IBS-6 (25-1)] | 10,140±50 BP | U5b2a | A4732G, C16114a, C16519T | Posth 2016 | ||||
| Epipaleolithic | France | Aven des Iboussières, Malataverne [IBS-8 (31-2)] | 10,140±50 BP | U5b1 | 12398T, G13708A, C16519T, (6N, 11N, 16192.1T) | Posth 2016 | ||||
