Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of the Caucasus

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Listed here are notable groups and ethnic groups from Caucasus by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on relevant studies. The samples are taken from individuals identified with the ethnic and linguistic designations in the first two columns, the third column gives the sample size studied, and the other columns give the percentage of the particular haplogroup. (IE = Indo-European, NEC = Northeast Caucasian, NWC = Northwest Caucasian)

Population	Language	n	E1b1b	G	I	J1	J2	L	R1a	R1b	R2a	T	Others	Reference
Abazinians	NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh)	14	0	29	0	F*	7	K	14	0	0	K	K[xP]=14[1] C*=7 (1/14) F[xI,G,J2,K]=29	Nasidze2004[2]
Abazins	NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh)	88	4.5	40.9	I2*=1.1 I2a=2.3	J1*=2.3 J1e=3.4	M67=1.1 other=10.2	L2=2.3	23.9	3.4	1.1	0.0	Q=3.4	Yunusbayev 2011[3]
Abkhaz	NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh)	12	0	0	33	0	25	0	33.0	8	0	0	—	Nasidze2004[2]
Abkhaz	NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh)	58	1.7	P18=12.1 P303=20.7 other=24.1	0	0	J2*=5.2 J2-M67=8.6	L2=3.4	10.3	12.1	NT	1.7	-	Balanovsky 2011[4]
Adygei (Kabardin)	NWC (Adigei)	59	0	28.8	10.2	F	11.9	K	1.7	1.7	0	K	F[xG,I,J2,K]=23.7 K[xP]=15.3 P[xR1,R2]=6.8	Nasidze2004[2]
Adygei (Kabardin)	NWC (Adygei)	140	2.1	43.6	I1=1.4 I2*=0.7 I2a=2.1	J1e=2.8 J1*=6.4	M67=5.7 J2a*=9.3 J2b=0.7	L3=0.7	15.0	3.6	0.0	0.7	C=2.1, H=0.7 N1c=1.4, Q=0.7	Yunusbayev 2011[3]
Adygei/ "Circassians"[5]	NWC (Adygei)	-	0.0[6]	31.3[7]	I*=1.4 I2a=2.9[8]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	—	various
Adygei/ ("Adygea")	NWC (Adygei)	154	0.6	47.4	I2*=1.3 I2a=3.2	J1e=1.3 J1*=1.9	M67=3.2 J2a*=5.8 J2b=1.9	L2=1.9 L1=0.6	14.3	7.1	0.0	0.0	C=2.6 N=0.6	Yunusbayev 2011[3]
Adygei(Shapsugs)	NWC (Adygei)	106	-	81.1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Dibirova2009[7]
Adygei(Shapsugs)	NWC (Adygei)	100	1.0	P303=86.0 other=1.0	0	0	6.0	L*=2.0	4.0	0	NT	0	-	Balanovsky 2011[4]
Adygei ("Cherkess")[9]	NWC (Adygei)	142	1.4	P16=9.2 P303=29.6 other=1.4	I*=0.7	J1e=0.7 J1*=4.9	J2-M67=7.7 J2b=0.7 other=13.4	L1=0.7	19.7	4.9	NT	0.7	N1*=1.4 N1c1=2.1 Q=0.7	Balanovsky2011[4]
Adygei ("Cherkess")	NWC (Adygei)	126	0.8	45.2	I1=0.8 I2b=0.8	J1e=4.0 J1*=0.8	M67=13.5 other=11.1	0.0	15.1	1.6	0.8	0.0	C=0.8, K*=1.6 N1c1=2.4, Q=0.8	Yunusbayev 2011[3]
Andis	NEC (Avar-Andic, Andic)	49	2.0	6.1	I1=2.0 I2a=24.5	J1*=36.7	M67=14.3 other=4.1	0.0	2.0	6.1	0.0	2.0	—	Yunusbaev 2006[3][10]
Armenians	IE (Armenian)	89	3.4	29.2	—	-	—	—	5.6	24.7	-	3.4	—	Rosser2000[11]
Armenians	IE (Armenian)	47	4.3	F*	4.3	F*	21.3	4.3	8.5	36.2	0	6.4	F[xI,J2,K]=12.8 N=2	Wells2001[12]
Armenians	IE (Armenian)	100	6.0	11.0	5.0	F	24.0	K	6.0	19.0	2.0	4.0[1]	F[xI,G,J2,K]=18.0 K[xT,P]=3.0[1] P[xR1a,R1b,R2]=2.0	Nasidze2004[2]
Armenians	IE (Armenian)	734	5.4	—	—	-	—	—	5.3	32.4	—	-	1.6	Weale2001[13]
Armenians (Ararat Valley)	IE (Armenian)	110	5.5	P16=0 G2a*=9.1 G1=1.8	I2=2.7	J1e=6.4 J1*=8.2	M67=12.7 J2a*=10.0 J2b=0.9	0.9	0.9	37.3	0.0	3.6	0.0	Herrara2012
Avars	NEC (Avar-Andic, Avar)	42	7.1	0.0	0.0	66.7	4.8	9.5	2.4	2.4	2.4	4.8	—	Yunusbaev 2006[10]
Avars	NEC (Avar-Andic, Avar)	115	0.0	P18=.9 P303=9.6	I*=.9 I2a=.9	J1e=.9 J1*=58.3	M67=.9 other=5.2	L2=2.6	1.7	14.8	.9	0.0	N=1.7	Balanovsky 2011[4]
Avars (West)[14]	NEC (Avar-Andic)	20	0	G[xG1,G2a, G2b]=5	0	J1*=60 J1e=20	10	0	0	5	-	-	-	Caciagli 2009[15]
Azeris (Azerbaijan)	Altaic (Turkic)[16]	72	5.6	18.1	2.8	F	30.6	6.9[1]	6.9	11.1	2.8	4.2[1]	F[xG,I,J2,K]=11	Nasidze2004[2]
Azerbaijanis	Altaic (Turkic)[16]	v	4.1[6]	—	—	15.2[17]	23.9[17]	—	—	—	—	—	-	various
Bagvalins	NEC (Avar-Andic, Andic)	28	0.0	0.0	I2b1=7.1	21.4	0.0	0.0	3.6	67.9	0.0	0.0	—	Yunusbaev 2006[10]
Balkars	Altaic (Turkic)[18]	38	2.6	28.9	I2*=2.6	0	M67=5.3 J2b=2.6 other=15.8	L2=5.3	13.2	13.2	7.9	0.0	H=2.6	Battaglia2008[19]
Chamalins	NEC (Avar-Andic, Andic)	27	0.0	18.5	0.0	66.7	3.7	3.7	7.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	—	Yunusbaev 2006[10]
Chechens (East Chechnya)	NEC (Nakh)	19	0	5	0	F	26	5	5	0	16	5[1]	F[xG,I,J2,K]=32	Nasidze2004[2]
Akki Chechens[20]	NEC (Nakh)	20	0	5	0	60	25	10	0	0	NT	0	-	Caciagli 2009[15]
Chechens Total[21]	NEC (Nakh)	330	0.0	P18=3.0 P303=2.4	I2=.3	J1*=20.9	M67=55.2 J2b=.3 other=1.2	L3=7.0	3.9	1.8	3.3	0.0	-	Balanovsky 2011[4]
Chechens (Achxoi-Martan, Chechnya)	NEC (Nakh)	118	0	P303=0.8	I2=0.8	J1*=24.6	M67=56.8 other=0.8	L3=6.8	2.5	3.4	3.4	0	-	Balanovsky 2011[4]
Chechens (Malgobek, Ingushetia)	NEC (Nakh)	112	0	P18=3.6 P303=5.4	0	21.4	M67=50.9 J2b=0.9 other=1.8	L3=0.9	8.0	0.9	6.3	0	-	Balanovsky 2011[4]
Chechens (mainly Akkis, in Dagestan)	NEC (Nakh)	100	0	P18=6.0 P303=1.0	0	16.0	M67=58.0 other=1.0	L3=14.0	1.0	1.0	0	0	N=2.0	Balanovsky 2011[4]
Dargins	NEC (Dargin)	68	0	2.9	0	91.2	2.9	0.0	0.0	2.9	0.0	0.0	—	Yunusbaev 2006[10]
Dargins	NEC (Dargin)	26	4	4	58	see F	4	0	0	4	0	0	F[xG,I,J2,K]=27	Nasidze2004[2]
Dargins (Dargwa)	NEC (Dargin)	101	0	P303=1.0 other=1	0	J1*=69.3 J1e=1	M67=1.0	0	21.8	2.0	0	0	O3=3	Balanovsky 2011[4]
Dargins (Kaitaks)	NEC (Dargin)	33	0	0	0	J1*=84.8	3.3	0	3.3	6.7	3.3	0	-	Balanovsky 2011[4]
Dargins(Kubachis)	NEC (Dargin)	65	0	0	I2a=1.5	J1*=98.5	0	0	0	0	0	0	-	Balanovsky 2011[4]
Georgians	SC (Karto-Zan)	63	2.0	30.1	0.0	J=36.5		1.6	7.9	14.3	6.3	1.6	—	Semino2000[22]
Georgians	SC (Karto-Zan)	66	3.0	31.8	I1*=1.5	4.5	M67=18.2 other=13.6	L3=1.6	10.6	9.1	4.5	1.6	-	Battaglia2008[19]
Georgians	SC (Karto-Zan)	77	2.6	31.2	3.9	F	20.8	2.6[1]	10.4	10.4	1.3	2.6[1]	K[xP]=2.6 P[xR1,R2]=2.6 F[xG,I,J2,K]=14.3	Nasidze 2004[23]
Svans	SC (Svan)	25	0	F*	0	F*	0	0	8	0	0	0	F[xG,I,J2,K]=92%	Wells 2001[12]
Georgians(Kazbegis)	SC (Karto-Zan)[24]	25	0	F	4	F	72	0	4	8	0	0	F[xG,I,J2,K]=12	Wells 2001[12]
Ingush	NEC (Nakh)	143	0	P18=1.4	0.7	2.8	M67=87.4 other=1.4	L3=2.8	3.5	0	NT	0	-	Balanovsky, Dibirova et al. 2011[4]
Ingush	NEC (Nakh)	22	0	5.0	5	-	32	5	0	0	0	0	F[xG,I,J2,K]=27 P[xR1,R2]=4.5(1/22)	Nasidze2004[2]
Kumyks	Altaic (Turkic)[18]	76	2.6	11.8	0.0	21.1	25.0	0.0	13.2	19.7	3.9	1.3	J*=1.3 O=1.3	Yunusbaev 2006[10]
Laks	NEC (Lak)	21	9.5	4.8	14.3	42.9	14.3	0.0	9.5	4.8	0.0	0.0		Caciagli 2009<[15]
Lezgins(Azerbaijan)	NEC (Lezgic)	12	17	F*	0	F*	0	-	8	17	0	-	F[xI,J2,K]=58	Wells 2001[12]
Lezgins(Dagestan)	NEC (Lezgic)	25	0	36	0	F*	0	NT	0	4	0	K*	F[xI,G,J2,K]=32 K[xR]=28	Nasidze 2003[2]
Lezgins	NEC (Lezgic)	31	6.5	9.7	9.7	58.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	16.1	0.0	0.0	—	Yunusbaev 2006[10]
Lezgins(Axtynskiy District)	NEC (Lezgic)	81	1.2	13.5 (P18=1.2%)	0	44.4 J1*	2.5	1.2 L2	3.7	29.6	0	2.5	1.2 N1c1	Balanovsky, Dibirova et al. 2011[4]
Nogai	Altaic (Turkic)	77	0	0	0	2.6	10.4	0	9.1	0	?	0	C=10.4 N=16.3	Yunusbaev 2006[10]
Ossetes	IE (Iranian, NE)	47	6.4	—	—	J=34.0		—	2.1	42.6	—	—	—	Rosser2000[11]
North Ossetians	IE (Iranian, NE)	129	0	57.4	10.1	F*	14.0	--	0.8	0.8	1.6	K*	F[xI,G,J2,K]=3.9 K[xP]=9.3 P[xR1,R2]=2.3	Nasidze 2004[25]
North Ossetians(Iron)	IE (Iranian, NE)	230	0.4	P16=73.0 P303=1.3	0	1.3	M67=11.3 other=7.0	L2=0.9	0.4	3.0	NT	0	N=0.4 Q=0.9	Balanovsky 2011[4]
North Ossetians(Digor)	IE (Iranian, NE)	127	0.8	P16=55.9 P303=4.7	0	3.9	M67=5.5 other=6.3	L1=0.8	0.8	16.5	NT	0.8	Q=3.9	Balanovsky 2011[4]
Russians (Adygea	IE (Slavic, East)	78	—	—	24.4	-	—	—	—	—	—	—	-	Rootsi2004[8]
Rutuls	NEC (Lezgic)	24	0.0	37.5	0.0	F	4.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	F[xG,I,J2,K]=58	Nasidze2004[2]
Tabassarans	NEC (Lezgic)	43	0.0	0.0	0.0	48.8	2.3	0.0	2.3	39.5	0.0	0.0	C=7.0	Yunusbaev2006[10]

See also

• Caucasus
  • Ethnic groups of the caucasus
  • Languages of the Caucasus
• Y-DNA haplogroups by groups
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in European populations
  • Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of Near East and North Africa
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in Central and North Asian populations
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in South Asian populations
  • Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of East and Southeast Asia
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in Oceanian populations
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas

References

1. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h} Nasidze et al. "Haplotypes from the Caucasus, Turkey and Iran for nine Y-STR loci"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd (2003)
2. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h i j} Nasidze et al., (2004)Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus
3. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Yunusbayev et al, 2011.
4. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Oleg Balanovsky et al., "Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2011
5. Jump up^ despite the fact that Shapsugs were also technically "Circassian", Dibirova labels this population "Circassians". In Rootsi, they are called "Adygei", or some variation of the word.
6. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cruciani, F; La Fratta, R; Santolamazza, P; Sellitto, D; Pascone, R; Moral, P; Watson, E; Guida, V et al. (2004). "Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 1014–22. doi:10.1086/386294. PMC 1181964. PMID 15042509.
7. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dibirova 2009.
8. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rootsi, Siiri et al 2004, Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe
9. Jump up^ These are labeled "Circassians" (at least in the English version), but the sample was taken from the Karacheyo-Cherkess Republic, so they are labeled "Cherkess" here.
10. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h i} Yunusbayev, Bayazit et al 2006, Genetic Structure of Dagestan Populations: A Study of 11 Alu Insertion Polymorphisms
11. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rosser, ZH; Zerjal, T; Hurles, ME; Adojaan, M; Alavantic, D; Amorim, A; Amos, W; Armenteros, M et al. (2000). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". American Journal of Human Genetics 67(6): 1526–43. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479.
12. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Wells, Spencer et al 2001, The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity
13. Jump up^ Weale, ME; Yepiskoposyan, L; Jager, RF; Hovhannisyan, N; Khudoyan, A; Burbage-Hall, O; Bradman, N; Thomas, MG (2001). "Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group". Human Genetics 109 (6): 659–74.doi:10.1007/s00439-001-0627-9. PMID 11810279.
14. Jump up^ This is significant, as in Western Avaria, where the population was sampled, there are large number of non-Avars- Andic and Dido peoples- who are in fact ethnically misclassified as Avars by the Dagestani census.
15. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Laura Caciagli, Kazima Bulayeva, Oleg Bulayev, et al, "The key role of patrilineal inheritance in shaping the genetic variation of Dagestan highlanders" Journal of Human Genetics (2009) |url=http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v54/n12/full/jhg200994a.html
16. ^ Jump up to:^a b Azeris speak an Oghuz Turkic language, but they are thought to be descended from either Lezgic-speaking Caucasian peoples, Iranian-speaking peoples, or both. See Origin of the Azeris for more information.
17. ^ Jump up to:^a b Di Giacomo F, Luca F, Popa LO, et al. (October 2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe". Hum. Genet. 115 (5): 357–71.doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9. PMID 15322918.
18. ^ Jump up to:^a b These groups speak Turkic languages, but are theorized by many to be descended from non-Turkic peoples (variously Circassian-like peoples, Nakh peoples or Scythians/Sarmatians) who were linguistically Turkified
19. ^ Jump up to:^a b Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Myres, Natalie M; King, Roy J; Rootsi, Siiri et al. (24 December 2008). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics 17 (6): 820–30. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100.PMID 19107149.
20. Jump up^ Dagestani Chechens; Caciagli's study may not be authoritative for this population because she took it from a highly multiethnic region of Dagestan, with Laks, Chechens, Kumyks and Avars all mixed together at high densities, possibly accounting for the high J1 value.
21. Jump up^ Made by combining the Malgobek, Achkoi-Martan and Khasavyurt Chechen populations
22. Jump up^ Ornella Semino et al 2000, The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective.
23. Jump up^ Nasidze et al."Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus"," 'Annals of Human Genetics (2004)
24. Jump up^ Although the Kazbegi Georgians speak Georgian, and have most likely done so for centuries, it is theorized by some that their (possible) ancestors, the Tzanars, who inhabited the region in Medieval and Ancient times, were a Nakh-speaking people, like Chechens and Ingush, possibly accounting for their large frequencies of J2
25. Jump up^ Nasidze, Quinque et al.Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians.2004

External links

• Y-DNA Ethnographic and Genographic Atlas and Open-Source Data Compilation