Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии
| Эрик VI швед. Erik Segersäll | ||
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| Курган Эрика Победоносного в Старой Уппсале | ||
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| 970 — 995 | ||
| Соправитель: | Олаф Бьёрнссон (970 — 975) | |
| Предшественник: | Бьёрн Эриксон | |
| Преемник: | Олаф Шётконунг | |
| Рождение: | 945 | |
| Смерть: | 995[1] Старая Уппсала, коммуна Уппсала[d], лен Уппсала, Швеция | |
| Место погребения: | Старая Уппсала | |
| Род: | Дом Мунсё | |
| Отец: | Бьёрн Эриксон | |
| Супруга: | Сигрид Гордая | |
| Дети: | Олаф Шётконунг | |
Содержание
Порядковый номер Эрика
Иногда его называют королём Эриком V или VI, по новой «обратной» хронологии считая от хорошо известного Эрика XIV (1560—1568), который выбрал себе порядковый номер исходя из легендарной (исторически неподтвержденной) хронологии правителей Швеции. Некоторые историки подтверждают наличие более ранних королей Швеции с именем Эрик[2], другие историки сомневаются в первоисточниках касательно всех предыдущих властителей Швеции[3]. После него порядок наследования также не ясен, как и общее количество Эриков.Биография
Вначале Эрик правил Швецией вместе с братом Олафом, но вскоре отравил его во время пира и стал править единолично.Сына Олафа, Стирбьёрна Сильного, Эрик по решению шведского тинга лишил власти и объявил соправителем своего не родившегося ребёнка, на основании, что это будет сын (позже действительно родился сын — Олаф Шётконунг). Затем Эрик выгнал Стирбьёрна из Швеции, дав ему 60 кораблей, чтобы тот мог жить как викинг. Стирбьёрн вторгся в Данию и вынудил Харальда Синезубого выдать за него его дочь Тиру и дать ему войско и корабли. По одной из версий, захваченный ранее Юлинум Харальд так же передал Стирбьёрну, где тот основал братство йомсвикингов и город Йомсборг. После датских походов Стирбьёрн снарядил военную экспедицию против Эрика, но был разбит им в Фюри (швед. Fyrisvallarna) на реке Fyris около Уппсалы около 985 года. Согласно легенде, Эрику в этом изнурительном трехдневном сражении помог сам бог Один в обмен на то, что призовёт Эрика к себе десять лет спустя. После этой победы Эрик получил своё прозвище Победоносный швед. Segersäll.
В оставшиеся годы Эрик заключил альянс с Болеславом I Храбрым из Польши и женился на его сестре Светославе (польск. Świętosława) (которая, возможно, затем именовалась Сигрид Гордая, а возможно Гунхильда Польская). Затем он совершил набег на Данию, во время которого победил Свена Вилобородого (швед. Sven Tveskägg или дат. Sweyn Forkbeard), и до самой смерти был фактическим правителем Дании. Во время этого набега Эрик, возможно, крестился, но впоследствии снова вернулся к скандинавским богам.
В Швеции под властью Эрика находились земли вокруг озера Меларен, части Геталанда[1] и далее на юг до Блекинге. Эрику приписывается основание Сигтуны, второго по хронологии политического и экономического центра Швеции (после Бирки в 800—975 годах, параллельно религиозному центру в Уппсале) — существующего до сих пор небольшого городка между Стокгольмом и Уппсалой.
Примечания
- Bengt Liljegren. Rulers of Sweden. Historiska Media, 2004 (translated by Adam Williams), стр.11 ISBN 91-8505763-0
- ↑ Lagerqvist & Åberg. Kings and Rulers of Sweden. ISBN 91-87064-35-9 pp. 8—9
- ↑ Harrison, Dick (2009), Sveriges historia 600—1350, сс. 21, 121, ISBN 978-91-1-302377-9
Литература
- Эрик // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.
- Adolfsson, Mats. När borgarna brann — svenska uppror. — Stockholm: Natur och kultur, 2007.
- Larsson, Mats G. Götarnas Riken: Upptäcktsfärder Till Sveriges Enande. — Bokförlaget: Atlantis AB, 2002. — ISBN 9789174866414.
Ссылки
- SWEDEN, kings (англ.). Foundation for Medieval Genealogy. Проверено 18 октября 2011. Архивировано из первоисточника 20 апреля 2012.
Eric the Victorious
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Eric the Victorious (Old Norse: Eiríkr inn sigrsæli, Modern Swedish: Erik Segersäll) (c. 945? – c. 995) was the first Swedish king (c. 970–995) about whom anything definite is known.[2] Whether he actually qualifies as King of Sweden has been debated, as his son Olof Skötkonung was the first ruler documented to have been accepted both by the Svear around Lake Mälaren and by the Götar around Lake Vättern.Eric the Victorious 
Eric praying to Odin before the Battle of Fýrisvellir, as envisioned by Twentieth century artist Jenny NyströmKing of Sweden Reign c. 970–c. 995 [1] Successor Olof Skötkonung Born c. 945 Died c. 995 Burial Old Uppsala Consort Sigríð Storråda Issue Olof Skötkonung House Munsö Father Björn (III) Eriksson Religion Pagan, possibly briefly Christian
Sometimes, Eric the Victorious is referred to as either King Eric V or VI, modern inventions based on counting backwards from Eric XIV (1560–68), who adopted his numeral according to a mythological history of Sweden. Whether or not there were any Swedish monarchs named Eric before Eric the Victorious is disputed, with some historians claiming that there were several earlier Erics,[3] and others questioning the reliability of the primary sources used and the existence of these earlier monarchs.[4] The list of monarchs after him is also complicated (see Eric and Eric, as well as Erik Årsäll), which makes the assignment of any numeral problematic.
Contents
Eric's kingdom
His original territory lay in Uppland and neighbouring provinces. He acquired the name "victorious" because he defeated an invasion from the south in the Battle of Fýrisvellir located close to Uppsala.[5] Reports that Eric's brother Olof was the father of his opponent in that battle, Styrbjörn the Strong, belong to the realm of myth.[6]
The extent of his kingdom is unknown. In addition to the Swedish heartland round lake Mälaren it may have extended down the Baltic Sea coast as far south as Blekinge. According to Adam of Bremen, he also briefly controlled Denmark after the defeat of Sweyn Forkbeard.
According to the Flateyjarbok, his success was in large part due to an alliance with free farmers against the nobility, jarl class, although it is obvious from archaeological findings that the influence of the latter diminished during the last part of the tenth century.[7] He was probably responsible for the introduction of a system of universal conscription known as the ledung in the provinces around Mälaren.
In all probability he founded the town of Sigtuna, which still exists and where the first Swedish coins were stamped for his son and successor Olof Skötkonung.
Sagas as sources
Eric the Victorious appears in a number of Norse sagas, the historical tales which nonetheless had a dose of fiction. In various stories, he is described as the son of Björn Eriksson, and as having ruled together with his brother Olof. One saga describes his marriage to an infamous (and likely fictional) Sigrid the Haughty, daughter of the legendary Viking Skagul Toste; and how later on their divorce he gave her Götaland as a fief. According to Eymund's saga he took a new queen, Auð, the daughter of Haakon Sigurdsson, the ruler of Norway.
Before this happened, his brother Olof died, and a new co-ruler had to be appointed, but the Swedes are said to have refused to accept his rowdy nephew Styrbjörn the Strong as his co-ruler. Eric granted Styrbjörn 60 longships in which he sailed away to live out a seafaring existence as a Viking. He would become the ruler of Jomsborg and an ally of the Danish king Harold Bluetooth whose sister he wed. Styrbjörn returned to Sweden with an army, although Harald and the Danish troops supposedly turned back. Eric won the Battle of Fýrisvellir, according to Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa after sacrificing to Odin and promising that if victorious, he would give himself to Odin in ten years.
Adam of Bremen
The German ecclesiastic chronicler Adam of Bremen (c. 1075) provides by far the oldest narrative about Eric that differs substantially from the sagas. As his spokesman he refers to the current Danish king Sven Estridson whom he interviewed for his chronicle. Adam omitted the Battle of Fýrisvellir but relates that Eric gathered a large army and invaded Denmark, turning against king Sveyn Forkbeard. The immediate reason for the attack was not disclosed by Adam. However, it had to do with an alliance between Eric and the Polish ruler Mieszko I (c. 940-992) who gave his daughter (perhaps the person known in the later sagas as Sigrid the Haughty, in Polish possibly Świętosława) in marriage to the king.[10] Several battles were fought at sea, with the result that the Danish forces, attacked from the east by the Slavs, were entirely annihilated.[11] After his victory, Eric kept Denmark while Sveyn was forced to flee, first to Norway, then to England, and finally to Scotland whose king received the refugee with kindness.[12]In 1691 coin expert Elias Brenner published designs allegedly used by King Eric, but a minting of coins by Eric is unknown to modern scientists, and these attributions are considered inaccurate;[8] Brenner's methods are not considered reliable on early medieval Swedish coins.[9]
According to Adam, Eric's rule in Denmark coincided with increased Viking activity in northern Germany. A fleet of Swedish and Danish ships sailed up the Elbe and landed at Stade in Saxony. A Saxon army confronted the invaders but was badly defeated. Several prominent Saxons were captured and brought to the ships while the Vikings ravaged the province without meeting resistance. One of the prisoners, margrave Siegfried, managed to escape at night with the help of a fisherman. The infuriated Vikings then maimed their remaining prisoners and threw them on land. However, margrave Siegfried and duke Benno soon raised a new army and raided the Vikings encamped at Stade. Another Viking detachment was tricked deep into the desolate marsh of Glindesmoor by a captured Saxon knight, and annihilated by the pursuing Germans.[13]
Adam characterises Eric as a heathen, initially very hostile to the Christian religion. Nevertheless a number of missionaries were at work during the reign, foreigners as well as belonging to recently converted Nordic families. Among them was Odinkar the Elder who preached in Fyn, Sjaelland, Skåne and Sweden. Eventually Eric accepted baptism while he stayed in Denmark, apparently the first Swedish king to do so. Due to this significant event the missionaries were allowed to sail over from Denmark to Sweden where they "worked valiantly in the name of the Lord". After some time Eric forgot the Christian faith and reverted to the religion of his ancestors. When Eric died, Sveyn Forkbeard returned from exile and regained Denmark. Furthermore married Eric's widow, mother to his successor Olof Skötkonung. In that way an alliance between the Swedish and Danish royal houses was created.[14]
Adam's account seems to date the demise of Eric the Victorious between 992 (the accession of his ally Boleslaw I Chrobry) and 995 (when his son Olof's coinage in Sigtuna starts). The discrepancies between Adam and other documentary sources have led to a variety of interpretations among Swedish historians, especially concerning Eric's various marriages. The details about his conquest of Denmark have been questioned since they are unsupported by other materials. Still, a comparison between Adam and the Nordic sagas shows that he made an imprint in the collective memory as a warlike and successful ruler.
See also
- List of Swedish monarchs
Footnotes
- Adam av Bremen (1984) p. 91.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eric the Victorious. |
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Erik Segersäll
Born: c. 945? Died: c. 995 |
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| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by First known king | King of Sweden 970?–c. 995 |
Succeeded by Olof Skötkonung |
