Рунные камни в Еллинге

Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии

Малый камень в Еллинге

Рунические камни в Еллинге — Рунические камни из датского города Еллинге, внесённые в список Всемирного наследия. Руническими надписи на валунах датируются X веком.
На малом камне, установленном около 955 года, первым датским королём Гормом Старым высечена надпись:

kurmr kunukr karthi kubl thusi aft thurui kunu sina tanmarkar but,

что означает:

Горм король сделал памятный камень в честь Тюры, своей жены, Дании повелитель/повелительница.

Это первое письменное упоминание названия страны Danmark, найденное в пределах самой Дании. Само название было известно как минимум за 75 лет до возведения монумента: в географическом описании Северной Европы, сделанном уэссекским королём Альфредом Великим датская территория называется «dene mearc».

Большой камень в Еллинге

Большой камень в Еллинге является своего рода «свидетельством о рождении» Дании. Камень высотой 2,43 метра, весящий около 10 тонн, был установлен королём Харальдом I Синезубым не ранее 965 года с надписью, гласящей, что:

Haraltr kunukr bath kaurua kubl thausi aft kurm fathur sin auk aft thaurui muthur sina sa haraltr ias sar uan tanmaurk ala auk nuruiak auk tani karthi kristna,

то есть:

Харальд король поставил этот камень в честь Горма, отца своего, и Тюры, матери своей. Харальд, покоривший всю Данию и Норвегию, кто крестил датчан.

Вытесанное на камне изображение ранее было цветным, его каменную цветную копию можно увидеть в национальном музее. Рунные камни расположены во дворе Еллингской церкви между двумя большими погребальными курганами. Они являются свидетельствами эпохи перехода скандинавов от язычества к христианству. Камни, вместе с могильниками и церковью, занесены в список Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО^[1].
За свою долгую историю камни подвергались воздействию погоды, что привело к появлению трещин. В 2008 году эксперты ЮНЕСКО, изучив их состояние, предложили перенести камни в помещение. Однако Комитет по культурному наследию Дании решил оставить камни на их историческом месте, надежно укрыв стеклянными витринами. На основании конкурса, на который было представлено 157 проектов, был выбран оптимальный дизайн защитных конструкций. Проект был реализован в 2012 году^{[источник не указан 1061 день]}.

• 

  Еллингский камень, реконструкция
  
• 

  Камни за стеклянными витринами
  

Примечания

1. ↑ Рунные камни в Еллинге на сайте ЮНЕСКО

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article contains runic characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of runes.

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List
Jelling stones, in their glass casing (2012)
Type	Cultural
Criteria	iii
Reference	697
UNESCO region	Europe and North America
Coordinates	55°45′21″N 9°25′10″ECoordinates: 55°45′21″N 9°25′10″E
Inscription history
Inscription	1994 (18th Session)

The Jelling stones (Danish: Jellingstenene) are massive carved runestones from the 10th century, found at the town of Jelling in Denmark. The older of the two Jelling stones was raised by King Gorm the Old in memory of his wife Thyra. The larger of the two stones was raised by King Gorm's son, Harald Bluetooth in memory of his parents, celebrating his conquest of Denmark and Norway, and his conversion of the Danes to Christianity. The runic inscriptions on these stones are considered the best known in Denmark.^[1]


Contents

• 1 History
• 2 Recent history
• 3 Runestone of Harald Bluetooth
  • 3.1 Modern copies of the runestone of Harald Bluetooth
• 4 Runestone of Gorm
• 5 See also
• 6 References
• 7 Further reading
• 8 External links

History


The heritage site: The runestones in the foreground, in front of the church graveyard. In the far background is one of two mounds.
The Jelling stones stand in the churchyard of Jelling church between two large mounds. The stones represent the transitional period between the indigenous Norse paganism and the process of Christianization in Denmark; the larger stone is often cited as Denmark's baptismal certificate (dåbsattest), containing a depiction of Christ.^[2] They are strongly identified with the creation of Denmark as a nation state and both stones feature one of the earliest records of the name "Danmark" (in the form of accusative "tanmaurk" ([danmɒrk]) on the large stone, and genitive "tanmarkar" (pronounced [danmarkaɽ]) on the small stone).


Jelling Church

Interior of Jelling Church, showing frescos dating from 1125

Recent history

After having been exposed to all kinds of weather for a thousand years cracks are beginning to show. On the 15th of November 2008 experts from UNESCO examined the stones to determine their condition. Experts requested that the stones be moved to an indoor exhibition hall, or in some other way protected in situ, to prevent further damage from the weather.^[3]
In February 2011 the site were vandalized using green spray paint, with the word "GELWANE" written on both sides of the larger stone, and with identical graffiti sprayed on a nearby gravestone and on the church door.^[4] After much speculation about the possible meaning of the enigmatic word "gelwane",^[5] the vandal was eventually discovered to be a 14-year-old boy with Asberger's Syndrome and the word itself was meaningless.^[6][7]
Heritage Agency of Denmark decided to keep the stones in their current location and selected a protective casing design from 157 projects submitted through a competition. The winner of the competition was Nobel Architects.^[8] The glass casing creates a climate system that keeps the stones at a fixed temperature and humidity and protects them from weathering.^[9] The design features rectangular glass casings strengthened by two solid bronze sides mounted on a supporting steel skeleton. The glass is coated with an anti-reflective material that gives the exhibit a greenish hue. Additionally, the bronze patina gives off a rusty, greenish colour, highlighting the runestones' gray and reddish tones and emphasising their monumental character and significance.^[9]


Runestone of Harald Bluetooth


Harald's runestone, side A.
    See transcribed runic text.


Engraving of an animal on one face of the stone.
The inscription on the larger of the two Jelling stones reads: "King Haraldr ordered this monument made in memory of Gormr, his father, and in memory of Thyrvé, his mother; that Haraldr who won for himself all of Denmark and Norway and made the Danes Christian." (Rundata, DR 42)


The figure of Christ on Harald's runestone.

(side A)

ᚼᛅᚱᛅᛚᛏᚱ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛦ ᛬ ᛒᛅᚦ ᛬ ᚴᛅᚢᚱᚢᛅ

ᚴᚢᛒᛚ ᛬ ᚦᛅᚢᛋᛁ ᛬ ᛅᚠᛏ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚱᛘ ᚠᛅᚦᚢᚱ ᛋᛁᚾ

ᛅᚢᚴ ᛅᚠᛏ ᛬ ᚦᚭᚢᚱᚢᛁ ᛬ ᛘᚢᚦᚢᚱ ᛬ ᛋᛁᚾᛅ ᛬ ᛋᛅ

ᚼᛅᚱᛅᛚᛏᚱ (᛬) ᛁᛅᛋ ᛬ ᛋᚭᛦ ᛫ ᚢᛅᚾ ᛫ ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚢᚱᚴ

(side B)

ᛅᛚᛅ ᛫ ᛅᚢᚴ ᛫ ᚾᚢᚱᚢᛁᛅᚴ

(side C)

᛫ ᛅᚢᚴ ᛫ ᛏ(ᛅ)ᚾᛁ (᛫ ᚴᛅᚱᚦᛁ ᛫) ᚴᚱᛁᛋᛏᚾᚭ

Transliteration


(side A)

haraltr : kunukʀ : baþ : kaurua

kubl : þausi : aft : kurm faþur sin

auk aft : þąurui : muþur : sina : sa

haraltr (:) ias : sąʀ * uan * tanmaurk

(side B)

ala * auk * nuruiak

(side C)

* auk * t(a)ni (* karþi *) kristną

(Jacobsen & Moltke, 1941-42, DR 42)

Phonetic transcription:


(side A)

[ˈharaldr ˈkʰɔnʊŋɡɽ ˈbɑð ˈɡœrwa]

[ˈkʰʊmbl θøːsi aft ˈɡɔrm ˈfaðʊr siːn]

[ʌk aft ˈθœrwɪ moːður siːna saː]

[ˈharaldr ɛs sæːɽ wanː ˈdanmɒrkʰ]

(side B)

[ˈalːa ɒkʰ ˈnɔrwɛɣ]

(side C)

[ɒkʰ ˈdanɪ ˈɡarðɪ ˈkʰrɪstna]

The stone has a figure of Jesus Christ on one side and on another side a serpent wrapped around a lion. Christ is depicted as standing in the shape of a cross and entangled in what appear to be branches.^[10] One scholar has suggested that this imagery was used to suggest that Christ had replaced the Norse pagan god Odin, who in one myth hung for nine nights in the tree Yggdrasill.^[10]


Modern copies of the runestone of Harald Bluetooth


The 1936 sign next to the Utrecht stone with the original runes, transliteration and Dutch translation.
In 1955, a plaster cast of this stone was made for a festival in London. It is now located in the grounds of the Danish Church in London, 4 St. Katherines Precinct, Regents Park, London. The copy is painted in bright colors, like the original. Most of the original paint has flaked away from the original stone, but enough small specks of paint remained to tell us what the colors looked like when they were freshly painted. A copy is also located in the National Museum of Denmark, and another copy, decorated by R. Broby-Johansen in the 1930s, just outside the Jelling museum, which stands within sight of the Jelling mounds.^[11] Another copy of this stone was placed in 1936 on the Domplein ('Dom Square') in Utrecht, next to the Cathedral of Utrecht, on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of Utrecht University.
A facsimile of the image of Christ on Harald's runestone appears on the inside front cover of the Danish passport.^[12]


Runestone of Gorm

The inscription on the older and smaller of the Jelling stones reads: "King Gormr made this monument in memory of Thyrvé, his wife, Denmark's adornment." (Rundata, DR 41) The Old Norse inscription in Younger Futhark runes appears as follows:


(side A) ᛬ ᚴᚢᚱᛘᛦ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛦ ᛬

᛬ ᚴ(ᛅᚱ)ᚦᛁ ᛬ ᚴᚢᛒᛚ ᛬ ᚦᚢᛋᛁ ᛬

᛬ ᛅ(ᚠᛏ) ᛬ ᚦᚢᚱᚢᛁ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚾᚢ

(side B) ᛬ ᛋᛁᚾᛅ ᛬ ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚱᚴᛅᛦ ᛬ ᛒᚢᛏ ᛬

(side A) : kurmʀ : kunukʀ :

 : k(ar)þi : kubl : þusi :

 : a(ft) : þurui : kunu

(side B) | sina | tanmarkaʀ | but |

(Jacobsen & Moltke, 1941-42, DR 41)

Gorm's runestone, side A  Gorm's runestone, side B: inscription above visible on this side

See also


VIKING exhibition - the National Museum of Denmark
• Boris stones — similar landmarks in Belarus
• Curmsun Disc
• Haraldskær Woman
• Jelling stone ship — a ship setting that lay between the mounds
• Jelling style
• Tourism in Denmark

References

1. 
   
• Jelling stones. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
• 
  
• O'Donoghue, Heather (2008). Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: A Short Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 27. ISBN 9780470776834. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
• 
  
• "Eksperter: Runestenene skal reddes". Danmarks Radio. 16 November 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
• 
  
• Politiken.dk: Jellingstenene hærget af graffiti
• 
  
• More Jelling Stones graffiti: Gelwane the Second and Web mining
• 
  
• Politiken.dk
• 
  
• "Gelwane" art project
• 
  
• "Jelling Stones get designer cases". Copenhagen Post. 5 March 2010.
• 
  
• Covering of the runic stones in Jelling, Denmark. - Copper Concept. Access date: 13 July 2012.
• 
  
• Kure, Henning (2007). "Hanging on the World Tree: Man and Cosmos in Old Norse Mythic Poetry". In Andrén, Anders; Jennbert, Kristina; et al. Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes, and Interactions. Lund: Nordic Academic Press. pp. 68–73. ISBN 978-91-89116-81-8. p. 69-70.
• 
  
• Jellingstenen - en del af historiekanonen, Lærere i grundskolen: Historie, EMU, Danmarks Undervisningsportal (Danish)
• 
  
12. Council of Europe http://prado.consilium.europa.eu/en/5672/viewImage_157135.html

Further reading

• Hogan, C. Michael. "Jelling Stones," Megalithic Portal, editor Andy Burnham
• Rundata, Joint Nordic database for runic inscriptions.
• Jacobsen, Lis; Moltke, Erik (1941–42). Danmarks Runeindskrifter. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag.