Y-DNA Haplogroup M and its Subclades - 2016

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Version History     Last revision date for this specific page: 19 September 2016

Because of continuing research, the structure of the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree changes and ISOGG does its best to keep the tree updated with the latest developments in the field. The viewer may observe other versions of the tree on the Web. Email Ray Banks if the differences need clarification or if you find any broken links on this page.

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FONT COLORS:  Newly confirmed in 2016 within subclade  Confirmed within subclade  Investigational items

^ Indicates a next-generation sequencing entry which does not yet meet quality guidelines for minimum number of reads.
^^ Indicates an entry which does not meet quality guidelines but may be helpful.
~ Indicates only an approximate location on the tree.

The criteria for a representative SNP printed in bold for a subclade is: traditional usage, testing one in multiple labs, and/or being found in the area of the chromosome used in recent research studies.

SNPs listed below in italics (colored black or red) are quality variants from next-generation sequencing reports consistently showing as representing that subgroup.

Contact Person for Haplogroup M: Tim Janzen

M   P256, Page93/S322 • M1   M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296,
• M1~ BY8413/Z30938, CTS7357.2, M5991, Page1, Page93/S322, PH3025, SK1828, SK1845, SK1846, SK1847, SK1848, SK1849, SK1850, SK1851, SK1852, SK1853, SK1854, SK1855, SK1856, SK1857, SK1869, Y1422.2/Z8214.2, YSC0000696, Z376.2, FGC13408.2,/Z1639.2, Z31028.2, Z30832, Z30835, Z30839, Z30840, Z30841, Z30890, Z30891, Z30892, Z30893, Z30894, Z30895, Z30896, Z30897, Z30898, Z30899, Z30900, Z30901, Z30902, Z30903, Z30904, Z30905, Z30907, Z30908, Z30909, Z30910, Z30911, Z30912, Z30913, Z30914, Z30915, Z30916, Z30917, Z30918, Z30919, Z30920, Z30921, Z30922, Z30923, Z30924, Z30925, Z30926, Z30927, Z30929, Z30930, Z30931, Z30932, Z30933, Z30934, Z30935, Z30936, Z30937, Z30939, Z30940, Z30942, Z30943, Z30944, Z30945, Z30948, Z30949, Z30950, Z30951, Z30952, Z30953, Z30054, Z30955, Z30956, Z30957, Z30958, Z30959, Z30960, Z30961, Z30962, Z30963, Z30964, Z30965, Z30966, Z30967, Z30968, Z30972, Z30975, Z30976, Z30977, Z30978, Z30979, Z30980, Z30981, Z30982, Z30983, Z30984, Z30985, Z30986, Z30987, Z30988, Z30989, Z30991, Z30992, Z30993, Z30994, Z30995, Z30996, Z30997, Z30998, Z30999, Z31000, Z31001, Z31002, Z31004, Z31005, Z31006, Z31007, Z31008, Z31009, Z31010, Z31011, Z31012, Z31013, Z31014, Z31015, Z31016, Z31017, Z31018, Z31019, Z31020, Z31021, Z31022, Z31023, Z31024, Z31025, Z31026, Z31028, Z31029, Z31030, Z31031, Z31032, Z31033, Z31034, Z31035, Z31036, Z31037, Z31038, Z31039, Z31040, Z31041, Z31042, Z31043, Z31044, Z31045, Z31046, Z31048, Z31049, Z31050, Z31051, Z31052, Z31054, Z31055, Z31056, Z31057, Z31058, Z31059, Z31060, Z31061, Z31062, Z31063, Z31064, Z31065, Z31066, Z31067, Z31068, Z31069, Z31070, Z31071, Z31072, Z31073, Z31074, Z31075, Z31076, Z31077, Z31078, Z31079, Z31080, Z31081, Z31082, Z31083, Z31085, Z31086, Z31087, Z31088, Z31089, Z31090, Z31093, Z31094, Z31095, Z31096, Z31097, Z31099, Z31100, Z31101, Z31102, Z31103, Z31104, Z31105, Z31106, Z31107, Z31108, Z31110, Z31111, Z31112, Z31113, Z31114, Z31115, Z31116, Z31117, Z31133, Z31134, Z31136, Z31137, Z31138, Z31140, Z31141, Z31143. Z31144. Z31145, Z31146. Z31147, Z31148, Z31149, Z31150, Z31151, Z31152, Z31153, Z31154, Z31155, Z31156, Z31157, Z31158, Z31159, Z31160, Z31161, Z31162, Z31163, Z31164, Z31165, Z31166, Z31167, Z31168, Z31169, Z31170, Z31171, Z31172, Z31173, Z31174, Z31175, Z31181, Z31182, Z31183, Z31184, Z31185, Z31187, Z31188, Z31189, Z31190. Z31191, Z31192. Z31193, Z31194, Z31195, Z31196, Z31197, Z31198, Z31199, Z33312, Z33344     
• • M1a   P34_1^^, P34_2^^, P34_3^^, P34_4^^, P34_5^^ • • • M1a1   P51 • • • M1a2   P94 • • M1b  P87 • • •  M1b1   M104_1/P22_1^^, M104_2/P22_2^^ • • • M1b1~  F2561/Page67
• • • M1b1~  FGC24709, FGC36703, SK1877, SK1879, Z30928, Z31007,  Z31146, Z42236, Z42237, Z42238, Z42239, Z42240, Z42241, Z42242, Z42243, Z42244, Z42245, Z42246, Z42247, Z42248, Z42249, Z42250, Z42251, Z42252, Z42253, Z42254, Z42255, Z42256, Z42257, Z42258, Z42259, Z42260, Z42261, Z42262, Z42263, Z42264, Z42265, Z42266, Z42267, Z42268, Z42269, Z42270, Z42271, Z42272, Z42273, Z42274, Z42275, Z42276, Z42277,  Z42278, Z42279, Z42280
• • • • M1b1a   M16 • • • • M1b1b   M83
• • • • M1b1b~  SK1881, Z42285, Z42286, Z42287• • • • M1b1c~  SK1880, Z42281, Z42282, Z42283, Z42284
• • M1c~ Z33330, Z33345, Z42288
• • • M1c1~ SK1872, Z42289, Z42290, Z42291, Z42292
• • • M1c2  B256, SK1882, Z31135, Z33309, Z33313, Z33318, Z33319, Z33323, Z33325, Z33331, Z33336, Z33343, Z33347, Z33348, Z33350
• • • M1c2~  Z33310, Z33311, Z33317, Z33320, Z33321, Z33327, Z33337, Z33341, Z33351
• • • • M1c2a  Z33322, Z33324, Z33326, Z33328, Z33332
• • • • M1c2a~ Z33114. Z33315, Z33316, Z33317, Z33329, Z33333, Z33335, Z33339, Z33340, Z33342
• • • • • M1c2a1~ SK1889, Z42293, Z42294, Z42295, Z42296
• • • • • M1c2a2  Z42297. Z42298, Z42299. Z42300, Z42301, Z42302, Z42303, Z42304, Z42305, Z42306, Z42307, Z42308, Z42309, Z42310, Z42311, Z42312, Z42313, Z42314, Z42315, Z42316, Z42317. Z42318, Z42319, Z42320, Z42321, Z42322
• • • • • • M1c2b1a~ Z42323, Z42324, Z42325, Z42326, Z42327• • • • • • M1c2b1b~ BY3630.2, F1295.2, Z42328, Z42329, Z42330
• • • • • M1c2a3  B269. Z31204, Z33269, Z33270, Z33271, Z33272, Z33273, Z33274, Z33276, Z33277, Z33278, Z33279, Z33280, Z33281, Z33282, Z33283, Z33284, Z33285, Z33286, Z33288, Z33289, Z33290, Z33291, Z33292, Z33293, Z33295, Z33296, Z33297, Z33298, Z33299, Z33300 
• • • • • • M1c2a3a~ B271, Z33302, Z33305, Z33307, Z33308
• • • • • • M1c2a3b~ B270, Z38339, Z38340, Z38341
• • • • • M1c2a4~ B272, Z33740. Z33741, Z33742, Z33743
• • • • M1c2b~ Z42538, Z42539, Z42540, Z42541, Z42542
• M2   M353, M387
• M2~ F1992.2, PF4350
• • M2a   M177/SRY9138^^ • M3  P117, P118
NOTES:

• Identical SNPs that were discovered separately are listed in alphabetical order, not necessarily in the order of discovery, and separated by "/". Examples: M5/P73, M104/P22, M177, SRY9138
• Removed P35_1, P35_2, P35_3, not meeting quality guidelines on 11 August 2016.
• The chromosome location for M-P256 shown in Karafet (2008) seems off by one chromosome position.  All M samples from next-generation sequencing show the same mutation at adjacent chromosome position 8685231.  So this is the position tentatively listed in the ISOGG index.  Listed 31 August 2016.

Y-DNA haplogroup M reaches its known peak in Papua New Guinea, totaling one-third to two-thirds of population.  The haplogroup M Aborigines in Australia seem comparatively to be the most recent arrivals among Aborigines (Bergstrom).  
Geographic distribution so far of ancestry of modern-day haplogroup M subgroup men (not complete):
M1b  
       M16         Papua New Guinea
       M83         Papua New Guinea
M1c
       B271        Papua New Guinea
       B269        Papua New Guinea
       Z42297    N. Australia (Aborigines)
M2
      M177        Papua New Guinea
M3
      P117         Melanesia References:
Bergstrom et al, Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes. (pdf) Current Biology, 26:809-813, (2016).
Cox M P & Lahr M M, Y-Chromosome Diversity Is Inversely Associated with Language Affiliation in Paired Austronesian- and Papuan-Speaking Communities from Solomon Islands. (pdf) American Journal of Human Biology, 18:35-50, 2006.
Hurles et al, European Y-Chromosomal Lineages in Polynesians: A Contrast to the Population Structure Revealed by mtDNA. American Journal of Human Genetics, 63:1793-1806, 1998.
Hurles et al, Y Chromosomal Evidence for the Origins of Oceanic-Speaking Peoples. Genetics, 160:289-303, January 2002.
Karmin et al, A Recent Bottleneck of Y chromosome Diversity Coincides with a Global Change in Culture. Genome Research, doi: 10.1101/gr.186684.114, published online March 13, 2015.
Karafet et al, New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree. Abstract. Genome Research, published online April 2, 2008. Supplementary Material.
Kayser et al, The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNa and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia. Molecular Biology Evolution, 25(7):1362-1374, 2008.
Kayser et al, Independent Histories of Human Y Chromosomes from Melanesia and Australia. American Journal of Human Genetics, 68:173-190, 2001.
Kayser et al, Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y-Chromosome Gradients across the Pacific. MBE Advance Access published August 21, 2006.
Kayser et al, Melanesian Origin of Polynesian Y Chromosomes. Current Biology, Vol. 10, No. 20, September 2000.
Kayser et al. Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:281-302, 2003.
Mona et al, Patterns of Y-chromosome Diversity Intersect with the Trans-New Guinea Hypothesis. Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Sep 10; [Epub ahead of print]
Rozen et al, Remarkably Little Variation in Proteins Encoded by the Y Chromosome's Single-Copy Genes, Implying Effective Purifying Selection. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2009 December 11; 85(6): 923-928.
Scheinfeldt et al, Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia. Society for Molecular Biology, 2006.
Additional Resources: ISOGG Wiki - What you need to know about Genetic Genealogy.
Corrections/Additions made since 1 January 2016:

• Moved Page1, F2561/Page67 from Provisional to Tree Investigation on 20 January 2016.
• Added Bergstrom and Karmin studies to bibliography on 6 August 2016.
• Added FGC24709, FGC36703, SK1877, SK1879, Z30835, Z30928, Z31007,  Z31146, Z42236, Z42237, Z42238, Z42239, Z42240, Z42241, Z42242, Z42243, Z42244, Z42245, Z42246, Z42247, Z42248, Z42249, Z42250, Z42251, Z42252, Z42253, Z42254, Z42255, Z42256, Z42257, Z42258, Z42259, Z42260, Z42261, Z42262, Z42263, Z42264, Z42265, Z42266, Z42267, Z42268, Z42269, Z42270, Z42271, Z42272, Z42273, Z42274, Z42275, Z42276, Z42277, Z42278, Z42278, Z42279, Z42280, SK1880, Z42281, Z42282, Z42283, Z42284, SK1881, Z42285, Z42286, Z42287, Z33330, Z33345, Z42288, SK1872, Z42289, Z42290, Z42291, Z42292, B256, SK1882, Z33311, Z33318, Z33319, Z33322, Z33323, Z33324, Z33325, Z33326, Z33328, Z33332, Z33337, Z33347, Z33350, SK1889, Z42293, Z42294, Z42295, Z42296, Z42297. Z42298, Z42299. Z42300, Z42301, Z42302, Z42303, Z42304, Z42305, Z42306, Z42307, Z42308, Z42309, Z42310, Z42311, Z42312, Z42313, Z42314, Z42315, Z42316, Z42317. Z42318, Z42319, Z42320, Z42321, Z42322, Z42323, Z42324, Z42325, Z42326, Z42327, BY3630.2, F1295.2, Z42328, Z42329, Z42330 to tree or tree investigation on 7 August 2016.
• Added B269. Z31204, Z33269, Z33270, Z33271, Z33272, Z33273, Z33274, Z33276, Z33277, Z33278, Z33279, Z33280, Z33281, Z33282, Z33283, Z33284, Z33285, Z33286, Z33288, Z33289, Z33290, Z33291, Z33292, Z33293, Z33295, Z33296, Z33297, Z33298, Z33299, Z33300, B271, Z33302, Z33305, Z33307, Z33308, B270, Z38339, Z38340, Z38341, B272, Z33740. Z33741, Z33742, Z33743 to tree; added Z31135, Z33309, Z33310, Z33313, Z33314, Z33315, Z33316, Z33317, Z33320, Z33321, Z33327, Z33329, Z33331, Z33333, Z33335, Z33336, Z33339, Z33340, Z33341, Z33342, Z33343, Z33348, Z33351, Z31005, Z33312, Z33344 to tree investigation on 8 August 2016.
• Added BY8413/Z30938, CYS7357.2, M5991, Page1, Page93/S322, PH3025, SK1828, SK1845, SK1846, SK1847, SK1848, SK1849, SK1850, SK1851, SK1852, SK1853, SK1854, SK1855, SK1856, SK1857, SK1869, Y1422.2/Z8214.2, YSC0000696, Z376.2, FGC13408.2,/Z1639.2, Z31028.2, Z30832, Z30839, Z30840, Z30841, Z30890, Z30891, Z30892, Z30893, Z30894, Z30895, Z30896, Z30897, Z30898, Z30899, Z30900, Z30901, Z30902, Z30903, Z30904, Z30905, Z30907, Z30908, Z30909, Z30910, Z30911, Z30912, Z30913, Z30914, Z30915, Z30916, Z30917, Z30918, Z30919, Z30920, Z30921, Z30922, Z30923, Z30924, Z30925, Z30926, Z30927, Z30929, Z30930, Z30931, Z30932, Z30933, Z30934, Z30935, Z30936, Z30937, Z30939, Z30940, Z30942, Z30943, Z30944, Z30945, Z30948, Z30949, Z30950, Z30951, Z30952, Z30953, Z30054, Z30955, Z30956, Z30957, Z30958, Z30959, Z30960, Z30961, Z30962, Z30963, Z30964, Z30965, Z30966, Z30967, Z30968, Z30972, Z30975, Z30976, Z30977, Z30978, Z30979, Z30980, Z30981, Z30982, Z30983, Z30984, Z30985, Z30986, Z30987, Z30988, Z30989, Z30991, Z30992, Z30993, Z30994, Z30995, Z30996, Z30997, Z30998, Z30999, Z31000, Z31001, Z31002, Z31004, Z31006, Z31007, Z31008, Z31009, Z31010, Z31011, Z31012, Z31013, Z31014, Z31015, Z31016, Z31017, Z31018, Z31019, Z31020, Z31021, Z31022, Z31023, Z31024, Z31025, Z31026, Z31028, Z31029, Z31030, Z31031, Z31032, Z31033, Z31034, Z31035, Z31036, Z31037, Z31038, Z31039, Z31040, Z31041, Z31042, Z31043, Z31044, Z31045, Z31046, Z31048, Z31049, Z31050, Z31051, Z31052, Z31054, Z31055, Z31056, Z31057, Z31058, Z31059, Z31060, Z31061, Z31062, Z31063, Z31064, Z31065, Z31066, Z31067, Z31068, Z31069, Z31070, Z31071, Z31072, Z31073, Z31074, Z31075, Z31076, Z31077, Z31078, Z31079, Z31080, Z31081, Z31082, Z31083, Z31085, Z31086, Z31087, Z31088, Z31089, Z31090, Z31093, Z31094, Z31095, Z31096, Z31097, Z31099, Z31100, Z31101, Z31102, Z31103, Z31104, Z31105, Z31106, Z31107, Z31108, Z31110, Z31111, Z31112, Z31113, Z31114, Z31115, Z31116, Z31117, Z31133, Z31134, Z31136, Z31137, Z31138, Z31139, Z31140, Z31141 to tree investigation on 9 August 2016.
• Added Z31143. Z31144. Z31145, Z31146. Z31147, Z31148, Z31149, Z31150, Z31151, Z31152, Z31153, Z31154, Z31155, Z31156, Z31157, Z31158, Z31159, Z31160, Z31161, Z31162, Z31163, Z31164, Z31165, Z31166, Z31167, Z31168, Z31169, Z31170, Z31171, Z31172, Z31173, Z31174, Z31175, Z31181, Z31182, Z31183, Z31184, Z31185, Z31187, Z31188, Z31189, Z31190. Z31191, Z31192. Z31193, Z31194, Z31195, Z31196, Z31197, Z31198, Z31199 to tree investigation on 10 August 2016.
• Added F1992.2, PF4350 to tree investigation; moved Z31199 to Haplogroup K on 11 August 2016.
• Added geographical distribution information on 12 August 2016.
• Changed chromosome position for P256 on 31 August 2016.
• Added Z42538, Z42539, Z42540, Z42541, Z42542 to tree investigation on 19 September 2016.

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