Below is a plot for a K = 13 admixture analysis that includes 37 new,
mostly Ice Age genomes from Europe. The following table gives some
information for these samples.
The first includes the Aurignacian, Gravettian, and other early samples. These have some of the same dark blue component found in the later European hunter-gatherers, but they also show other components, which demonstrates their more distant relationship to later Europeans. The Magdalenian samples make up the second group. They’re very similar to the later hunter-gatherers, but they still show small amounts of non-European components. The third group includes the most recent hunter-gatherers, who lived during the last few thousand years of the Ice Age and the post-Ice-Age Mesolithic. They all show only the dark blue component.
A striking feature of the plot, which has appeared in my previous plots, and which cries out for an explanation, is the significant amount of the pine green component, which peaks in Georgians, throughout all of the modern European samples. This component does not appear in the hunter-gatherers, or in the early Neolithic farmers, and it is also almost completely absent in the Pit Grave samples from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and the Corded Ware and Timber Grave samples. It does appear in the Chinchorro mummy sample from around 4000 BC. It also appears in the pre-Bell-Beaker Copper Age samples from El Portalón cave in Spain, and especially in El Portalón 3, which I discovered to belong to Y haplogroup R1b-M269. Some of the pine green component shows up in the Bell Beaker and Unetice samples of Central Europe, and in the Nordic and Irish Bronze Age samples. My best explanation for the significant presence of this component in these samples is that it is somehow linked with the spread of R1b-L51.
Sample Country Years BP Culture
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian
Muierii 2 Romania 33,760–32,840 Unassigned
Paglicci 133 Italy 34,580–31,210 Gravettian
Cioclovina 1 Romania 33,090–31,780 Unassigned
Kostenki 12 Russia 32,990–31,840 Unassigned
Krems WA3 Austria 31,250–30,690 Gravettian
Věstonice 13 Czechia 31,070–30,670 Gravettian
Věstonice 15 Czechia 31,070–30,670 Gravettian
Věstonice 14 Czechia 31,070–30,670 Gravettian
Pavlov 1 Czechia 31,110–29,410 Gravettian
Věstonice 43 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian
Ostuni 2 Italy 29,310–28,640 Gravettian
Goyet Q53-1 Belgium 28,230–27,720 Gravettian
Paglicci 108 Italy 28,430–27,070 Gravettian
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian
Goyet Q376-19 Belgium 27,720–27,310 Gravettian
Goyet Q56-16 Belgium 26,600–26,040 Gravettian
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian
Afontova Gora 3 Russia 16,930–16,490 Unassigned
Rigney 1 France 15,690–15,240 Magdalenian
Hohle Fels 49 Germany 16,000–14,260 Magdalenian
Goyet Q-2 Belgium 15,230–14,780 Magdalenian
Brillenhöhle Germany 15,120–14,440 Magdalenian
Hohle Fels 79 Germany 15,070–14,270 Magdalenian
Burkhardtshöhle Germany 15,080–14,150 Magdalenian
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian
Rochedane France 13,090–12,830 Epipaleolithic
Iboussières 39 France 12,040–11,410 Epipaleolithic
Continenza Italy 11,200–10,510 Mesolithic
Ranchot 88 France 10,240–9,930 Mesolithic
Les Closeaux 13 France 10,240–9,560 Mesolithic
Falkenstein Germany 9,410–8,990 Mesolithic
Bockstein Germany 8,370–8,160 Mesolithic
Ofnet Germany 8,430–8,060 Mesolithic
Chaudardes 1 France 8,360–8,050 Mesolithic
Berry-au-Bac France 7,320–7,170 Mesolithic
The plot shows that these samples can be divided into three groups.
The first includes the Aurignacian, Gravettian, and other early samples. These have some of the same dark blue component found in the later European hunter-gatherers, but they also show other components, which demonstrates their more distant relationship to later Europeans. The Magdalenian samples make up the second group. They’re very similar to the later hunter-gatherers, but they still show small amounts of non-European components. The third group includes the most recent hunter-gatherers, who lived during the last few thousand years of the Ice Age and the post-Ice-Age Mesolithic. They all show only the dark blue component.
A striking feature of the plot, which has appeared in my previous plots, and which cries out for an explanation, is the significant amount of the pine green component, which peaks in Georgians, throughout all of the modern European samples. This component does not appear in the hunter-gatherers, or in the early Neolithic farmers, and it is also almost completely absent in the Pit Grave samples from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and the Corded Ware and Timber Grave samples. It does appear in the Chinchorro mummy sample from around 4000 BC. It also appears in the pre-Bell-Beaker Copper Age samples from El Portalón cave in Spain, and especially in El Portalón 3, which I discovered to belong to Y haplogroup R1b-M269. Some of the pine green component shows up in the Bell Beaker and Unetice samples of Central Europe, and in the Nordic and Irish Bronze Age samples. My best explanation for the significant presence of this component in these samples is that it is somehow linked with the spread of R1b-L51.
