Below are derived allele counts and total numbers of reads for SNPs that
have a large effect on phenotype for 37 genomes from Ice Age Europe.
Nonzero derived allele counts are in bold. Note that small derived
allele counts may be due to DNA damage.
ASIP, rs2424984, Veddoid brown skin
ASIP, rs2424984, Veddoid brown skin
Sample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/1
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 1/1
ASIP, rs6058017, Veddoid brown skinSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Afontova Gora 3 Russia 16,930–16,490 Unassigned 1/1
Goyet Q-2 Belgium 15,230–14,780 Magdalenian 1/1
EDAR, rs3827760, Mongoloid teeth, hair, etc.Sample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/10
Paglicci 133 Italy 34,580–31,210 Gravettian 0/1
Krems WA3 Austria 31,250–30,690 Gravettian 0/1
Věstonice 43 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/1
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/4
Goyet Q53-1 Belgium 28,230–27,720 Gravettian 0/1
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/2
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/8
Afontova Gora 3 Russia 16,930–16,490 Unassigned 0/1
Goyet Q-2 Belgium 15,230–14,780 Magdalenian 0/1
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 0/20
Iboussières 39 France 12,040–11,410 Epipaleolithic 0/1
Ranchot 88 France 10,240–9,930 Mesolithic 0/2
Berry-au-Bac France 7,320–7,170 Mesolithic 0/1
IRF4, rs12203592, light hair and eyes, frecklingSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Muierii 2 Romania 33,760–32,840 Unassigned 0/1
Věstonice 43 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/1
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/3
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/3
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/3
Afontova Gora 3 Russia 16,930–16,490 Unassigned 0/1
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 10/10
Rochedane France 13,090–12,830 Epipaleolithic 0/1
KITLG, rs12821256, blond hairSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/2
Pavlov 1 Czechia 31,110–29,410 Gravettian 0/1
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/2
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/1
Hohle Fels 49 Germany 16,000–14,260 Magdalenian 0/1
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 0/10
Rochedane France 13,090–12,830 Epipaleolithic 0/1
KITLG, rs642742, Veddoid brown skinSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 1/1
MC1R, rs1110400, red hairSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/11
Věstonice 43 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/2
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/28
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/6
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/31
Afontova Gora 3 Russia 16,930–16,490 Unassigned 0/2
Hohle Fels 79 Germany 15,070–14,270 Magdalenian 0/1
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 0/33
Rochedane France 13,090–12,830 Epipaleolithic 0/2
Falkenstein Germany 9,410–8,990 Mesolithic 0/2
Bockstein Germany 8,370–8,160 Mesolithic 0/1
MC1R, rs11547464, red hairSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/9
Muierii 2 Romania 33,760–32,840 Unassigned 0/1
Věstonice 13 Czechia 31,070–30,670 Gravettian 0/1
Pavlov 1 Czechia 31,110–29,410 Gravettian 0/1
Věstonice 43 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/4
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/12
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/3
Goyet Q56-16 Belgium 26,600–26,040 Gravettian 1/1
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 1/20
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 0/15
Rochedane France 13,090–12,830 Epipaleolithic 0/1
Ranchot 88 France 10,240–9,930 Mesolithic 0/1
Falkenstein Germany 9,410–8,990 Mesolithic 0/1
MC1R, rs1805005, blond hair, fair skinSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/2
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/4
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/2
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/3
Afontova Gora 3 Russia 16,930–16,490 Unassigned 0/3
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 0/11
Ranchot 88 France 10,240–9,930 Mesolithic 0/1
Falkenstein Germany 9,410–8,990 Mesolithic 0/1
MC1R, rs1805006, red hair, fair skinSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/3
Věstonice 13 Czechia 31,070–30,670 Gravettian 0/2
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/10
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/1
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/14
Hohle Fels 49 Germany 16,000–14,260 Magdalenian 0/2
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 0/24
Ranchot 88 France 10,240–9,930 Mesolithic 0/2
Falkenstein Germany 9,410–8,990 Mesolithic 0/1
Bockstein Germany 8,370–8,160 Mesolithic 0/2
Berry-au-Bac France 7,320–7,170 Mesolithic 0/1
MC1R, rs1805007, red hair, fair skinSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/11
Pavlov 1 Czechia 31,110–29,410 Gravettian 0/1
Věstonice 43 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 1/5
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 1/27
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/4
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/33
Afontova Gora 3 Russia 16,930–16,490 Unassigned 0/1
Hohle Fels 79 Germany 15,070–14,270 Magdalenian 0/1
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 2/32
Rochedane France 13,090–12,830 Epipaleolithic 0/2
Falkenstein Germany 9,410–8,990 Mesolithic 0/1
MC1R, rs1805008, red hair, fair skinSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/8
Věstonice 43 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/2
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/21
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/4
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/17
Afontova Gora 3 Russia 16,930–16,490 Unassigned 0/2
Goyet Q-2 Belgium 15,230–14,780 Magdalenian 0/1
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 2/25
Rochedane France 13,090–12,830 Epipaleolithic 0/1
Falkenstein Germany 9,410–8,990 Mesolithic 0/4
Bockstein Germany 8,370–8,160 Mesolithic 0/1
MC1R, rs1805009, red hair, fair skinSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/9
Paglicci 133 Italy 34,580–31,210 Gravettian 0/1
Věstonice 13 Czechia 31,070–30,670 Gravettian 0/2
Věstonice 14 Czechia 31,070–30,670 Gravettian 0/1
Věstonice 43 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/3
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/27
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/5
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/34
Afontova Gora 3 Russia 16,930–16,490 Unassigned 0/1
Hohle Fels 49 Germany 16,000–14,260 Magdalenian 0/1
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 0/32
Rochedane France 13,090–12,830 Epipaleolithic 0/1
Ranchot 88 France 10,240–9,930 Mesolithic 0/3
MCM6, rs182549, ability to digest milkSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/1
Věstonice 15 Czechia 31,070–30,670 Gravettian 1/1
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/2
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 0/1
Ranchot 88 France 10,240–9,930 Mesolithic 0/1
Bockstein Germany 8,370–8,160 Mesolithic 0/1
MCM6, rs4988235, ability to digest milkSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/8
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/13
Ostuni 2 Italy 29,310–28,640 Gravettian 0/1
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/1
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/2
Afontova Gora 3 Russia 16,930–16,490 Unassigned 0/1
Burkhardtshöhle Germany 15,080–14,150 Magdalenian 0/2
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 0/17
Rochedane France 13,090–12,830 Epipaleolithic 0/1
Ranchot 88 France 10,240–9,930 Mesolithic 0/2
Les Closeaux 13 France 10,240–9,560 Mesolithic 0/1
Berry-au-Bac France 7,320–7,170 Mesolithic 0/1
OCA2, rs1800407, green or hazel eyesSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/7
Muierii 2 Romania 33,760–32,840 Unassigned 0/2
Paglicci 133 Italy 34,580–31,210 Gravettian 0/1
Věstonice 43 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/1
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/10
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/2
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/5
Hohle Fels 79 Germany 15,070–14,270 Magdalenian 0/1
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 1/21
Rochedane France 13,090–12,830 Epipaleolithic 0/1
Ranchot 88 France 10,240–9,930 Mesolithic 0/1
Falkenstein Germany 9,410–8,990 Mesolithic 0/1
OCA2, rs1800414, Mongoloid light skinSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/1
Muierii 2 Romania 33,760–32,840 Unassigned 0/1
Pavlov 1 Czechia 31,110–29,410 Gravettian 0/1
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/2
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/3
Afontova Gora 3 Russia 16,930–16,490 Unassigned 0/1
Hohle Fels 49 Germany 16,000–14,260 Magdalenian 0/1
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 0/12
Rochedane France 13,090–12,830 Epipaleolithic 0/2
Chaudardes 1 France 8,360–8,050 Mesolithic 0/1
OCA2/HERC2, rs12913832, blue eyesSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/1
Kostenki 12 Russia 32,990–31,840 Unassigned 0/1
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/5
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/2
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/5
Afontova Gora 3 Russia 16,930–16,490 Unassigned 0/1
Goyet Q-2 Belgium 15,230–14,780 Magdalenian 0/1
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 11/11
Ranchot 88 France 10,240–9,930 Mesolithic 1/1
Falkenstein Germany 9,410–8,990 Mesolithic 1/1
SLC24A5, rs1426654, Caucasoid light skinSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/1
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/1
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 0/5
Ranchot 88 France 10,240–9,930 Mesolithic 0/1
SLC45A2, rs16891982, Caucasoid light skinSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/6
Muierii 2 Romania 33,760–32,840 Unassigned 0/1
Věstonice 13 Czechia 31,070–30,670 Gravettian 0/1
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 1/18
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/11
Afontova Gora 3 Russia 16,930–16,490 Unassigned 0/2
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 0/54
Ranchot 88 France 10,240–9,930 Mesolithic 0/3
TYR, rs1042602, light skin, absence of frecklesSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/5
Věstonice 43 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/2
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/16
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/4
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/8
Afontova Gora 3 Russia 16,930–16,490 Unassigned 0/1
Brillenhöhle Germany 15,120–14,440 Magdalenian 0/2
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 0/29
Ranchot 88 France 10,240–9,930 Mesolithic 0/3
TYR, rs1393350, blond hair, blue eyesSample Country Years BP Culture D/T
Goyet Q116-1 Belgium 35,160–34,430 Aurignacian 0/2
Muierii 2 Romania 33,760–32,840 Unassigned 0/1
Věstonice 43 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/1
Věstonice 16 Czechia 30,710–29,310 Gravettian 0/12
Ostuni 1 Italy 27,810–27,430 Gravettian 0/2
El Mirón Spain 18,830–18,610 Magdalenian 0/9
Hohle Fels 49 Germany 16,000–14,260 Magdalenian 0/1
Villabruna Italy 14,180–13,780 Epigravettian 0/35
Rochedane France 13,090–12,830 Epipaleolithic 0/2
Ranchot 88 France 10,240–9,930 Mesolithic 0/2
Falkenstein Germany 9,410–8,990 Mesolithic 0/1
