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Listed here are notable groups and populations from South Asia by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on relevant studies. The samples are taken from individuals identified with linguistic designations (IE=Indo-European, Dr=Dravidian, AA=Austro-Asiatic and ST=Sino-Tibetan), the third column gives the sample size studied, and the other columns give the percentage of the particular haplogroup.
| Population | Language | n | C | F | G | H | J | L | O | P | Q | R1a | R1b | R2 | T | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazara(Pakistan) | extinct Altaic,IE | 23 | 20.4 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 70.9 | -- | -- | -- | Qamar2002 [1] |
| Burusho(Pakistan) | Isolate (Burushaski) | 97 | 8.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 4.1 | 8.2 | 47.9 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 6.5 | — | 4.4 | 0 | Firasat2006[2] |
| Kalash(Pakistan) | IsolateKalasha, IE | 44 | 0 | 0 | 18.2 | 20.5 | 9.1 | 25.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18.2 | — | 0 | 0 | Firasat2006[2] |
| India | IE, Dr, AA, ST | 728 | 1.8 | 5.2 | 1.2 | 26.4 | 9.3 | 6.7 | 22.9 | 0 | 0.4 | 15.8 | 0.5 | 9.3 | 0 | Sengupta2006[3] |
| India | IE, Dr, AA, ST | 931 | 6.3 | 12.9 | 0.1 | 18.8 | 8.7 | 14.9 | 3.1 | 4.1 | — | 16.9 | — | 8.1 | — | Cordaux2004[4] |
| India | IE, Dr, AA, ST | 1152 | 1.4 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 23.0 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 18.0 | 2.7 | — | 17.7 | 0.5 | 13.5 | 3.1 | Trivedi2007[5] |
| Indian Indo-Europeans | IE | 205 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 28.8 | 10.7 | 3.9 | 4.9 | — | 1.0 | 29.8 | 1.5 | 13.7 | — | Sengupta2006[3] |
| Indian Dravidians | Dr | 353 | 1.7 | 9.3 | 2.3 | 32.9 | 10.5 | 11.6 | 13.6 | — | 0.3 | 11.0 | 0.3 | 6.2 | — | Sengupta2006[3] |
| Indian Munda | AA | 892 | — | 4.0 | — | 23.1 | 3.9 | 0 | 57.2 | 1.8 | — | 5.4 | — | 4.4 | — | Kumar2007[6] |
| Indian Sino-Tibetans | ST | 87 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | 2.3 | 0 | 0 | 86.2 | — | 0 | 4.6 | 0 | 5.7 | — | Sengupta2006[3] |
| India (North) | IE, ST | 180 | 0 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 24.5 | 7.8 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 0 | — | 48.9 | 0.6 | 11.1 | 0 | Trivedi2007[5] |
| India (West) | IE | 204 | 5.4 | 0.5 | 0 | 33.3 | 11.3 | 11.8 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 25.0 | — | 6.4 | 0.5 | Sahoo2006[7] |
| India (South) | Dr | 372 | 1.9 | 4.0 | 0 | 27.5 | 5.6 | 10.8 | 0 | 1.6 | — | 13.4 | 1.3 | 21.5 | 5.1 | Trivedi2007[5] |
| India (East) | IE, AA, Dr | 367 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 0 | 19.3 | 4.1 | 1.9 | 20.7 | 2.7 | 0 | 23.2 | — | 15.5 | 3.8 | Sahoo2006[7] |
| India (Northeast) | ST | 108 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 79.7 | 4.6 | — | 1.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Trivedi2007[5] |
| India (Central) | IE, Dr | 50 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 20 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 6 | 0 | Sahoo2006[7] |
| Indian castes | IE, Dr | 616 | 5.2 | 9.6 | 0.2 | 12.0 | 11.7 | 19.0 | 1.2 | 3.1 | — | 20.9 | — | 10.0 | — | Cordaux2004[4] |
| Indian tribes | Dr, IE, AA, ST | 315 | 8.6 | 18.1 | 0 | 31.1 | 2.9 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 6.0 | — | 8.9 | — | 4.4 | — | Cordaux2004[4] |
| Indian tribes | Dr, IE, AA, ST | 505 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 21.2 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 40.6 | 3.2 | — | 7.9 | 1.0 | 6.1 | 4.2 | Trivedi2007[5] |
| India's Lower Castes | Dr, IE | 261 | 0.8 | 4.6 | 0 | 27.6 | 3.1 | 5.4 | 0.4 | 2.3 | — | 15.7 | 0 | 27.6 | 4.6 | Trivedi2007[5] |
| India's Middle Castes | IE, Dr | 175 | 0.6 | 5.1 | 0 | 21.1 | 9.7 | 5.7 | 0 | 2.9 | — | 26.3 | 0 | 18.9 | 1.7 | Trivedi2007[5] |
| India's Upper Castes | IE, Dr | 211 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0 | 23.3 | 10.0 | 11.4 | 0 | 1.9 | — | 36.5 | 0.5 | 9.0 | 0 | Trivedi2007[5][8] |
| Iran | IE | 150 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 13.3 | 2.0 | 34.7 | 2.7 | 0.7 | — | 4.0 | 14.0 | 8.0 | 1.3 | 2.7 | Regueiro2006[9] |
| Iran | IE | 938 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 11.7 | 1.3 | 31.4 | 5.0 | 0.3 | 0 | 5.6 | 14.3 | 10.1 | 2.8 | 3.4 | Grugni 2012[10] |
| Kathmandu(Nepal) | IE, ST | 77 | 7.8 | 0 | 0 | 11.7 | 10.4 | 0 | 20.8 | 0 | 1.3 | 35.1 | 0 | 10.4 | 0 | Gayden2007[11] |
| Khasi (India) | AA | 92 | — | 10.9 | — | 6.5 | 0 | 0 | 72.8 | 4.4 | — | — | — | 0 | — | Kumar2007[6] |
| Mundari(India) | AA | 789 | — | 3.3 | — | 25.4 | 4.4 | 0 | 55.0 | 1.5 | — | — | — | 4.9 | — | Kumar2007[6] |
| Pakistan | IE | 176 | 7.4 | 0 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 15.3 | 13.1 | 2.3 | — | 3.4 | 24.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 0 | Sengupta2006[3] |
| Pakistan | — | 638 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 20.2 | 11.6 | 0.5 | 0 | 2.2 | 37.1 | — | 7.8 | 0 | Firasat2006[2] |
| Pashtun(Afghanistan) | IE | 49 | 2 | 0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 2 | 12.2 | 0 | 0 | 18.4 | 51 | 0 | 2 | 0 | Haber2012[12] |
| Pashtun(Pakistan) | IE | 96 | 0 | 2.1 | 11.5 | 4.2 | 6.2 | 12.5 | 5.2 | 0 | 5.2 | 44.8 | — | 0 | 1.0 | Firasat2006[2] |
| Sinhalese(Sri Lanka) | IE | 39 | 0 | 10.3 | 0 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 18.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12.8 | 0 | 38.5 | 0 | Kivisild03[13] |
| Sri Lanka | IE, Dr | 91 | 3.3 | 9.9 | 5.5 | 25.3 | 19.8 | 15.4 | 1.1 | 3.3 | — | 13.2 | — | — | — | Karafet2005[14] |
| Tharu (Nepal) | IE | 171 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 25.7 | 14.0 | 2.3 | 36.8 | 0 | 1.2 | 8.8 | 0 | 4.7 | 0 | Fornarino2009[15] |
See also
- South Asia
- Y-DNA haplogroups by groups
- Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of East and Southeast Asia
- Y-DNA haplogroups in European populations
- Y-DNA haplogroups in Central and North Asian populations
- Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of Near East and North Africa
- Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of the Caucasus
- Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
- Y-DNA haplogroups in Oceanian populations
- Y-DNA haplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas
References
- ^ Qamar et al. 2002, Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan
- ^ a b c d Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics 15(1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
- ^ a b c d e Sengupta, S; Zhivotovsky, L; King, R; Mehdi, S; Edmonds, C; Chow, C; Lin, A; Mitra, M et al. (2006). "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists". The American Journal of Human Genetics78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.
- ^ a b c Cordaux, Richard; Aunger, Robert; Bentley, Gillian; Nasidze, Ivane; Sirajuddin, S.M.; Stoneking, Mark (2004). "Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages".Current Biology 14 (3): 231–5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.024. PMID 14761656.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Trivedi, R.; Singh, Anamika; Bindu, G. Hima; Banerjee, Jheelam; Tandon, Manuj; Gaikwad, Sonali; Rajkumar, Revathi; Sitalaximi, T; Ashma, Richa (2008). "High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations". In Reddy, B. Mohan. Trends in molecular anthropology. Delhi: Kamla-Raj Enterprises. pp. 393–414. ISBN 978-81-85264-47-9.
- ^ a b c Kumar, Vikrant; Reddy, Arimanda NS; Babu, Jagedeesh P; Rao, Tipirisetti N; Langstieh, Banrida T; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Reddy, Alla G; Singh, Lalji; Reddy, Battini M (2007). "Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations".BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 47. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-47. PMC 1851701.PMID 17389048.
- ^ a b c Sahoo, S.; Singh, A.; Himabindu, G.; Banerjee, J.; Sitalaximi, T.; Gaikwad, S.; Trivedi, R.; Endicott, P.; Kivisild, T.; Metspalu, M.; Villems, R.; Kashyap, V. K. (2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (4): 843–8. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S.doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
- ^ Chowdhuri Parkash, J. (2012). Caste system, social inequalities and reservation policy in india: Class, caste, social policy and governance through social justice. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
- ^ Regueiro, M.; Cadenas, A.M.; Gayden, T.; Underhill, P.A.; Herrera, R.J. (2006). "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration". Human Heredity 61 (3): 132–43.doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078.
- ^ Grugni, Viola et al.; Battaglia, Vincenza; Hooshiar Kashani, Baharak; Parolo, Silvia; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Gandini, Francesca; Houshmand, Massoud; Sanati, Mohammad Hossein; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella (2012). "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians". PLoS ONE 7 (7): e41252. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741252G.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMC 3399854. PMID 22815981.
- ^ Gayden, T; Cadenas, AM; Regueiro, M; Singh, NB; Zhivotovsky, LA; Underhill, PA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Herrera, RJ (2007). "The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow". The American Journal of Human Genetics 80 (5): 884–94. doi:10.1086/516757. PMC 1852741.PMID 17436243.
- ^ Haber, Marc; Platt, DE; Ashrafian Bonab, M; Youhanna, SC; Soria-Hernanz, DF et al.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John; Balanovsky, Oleg; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A. (2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLoS ONE 7 (3): e34288.Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501.PMID 22470552.
- ^ Kivisild, T; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, M; Mastana, S; Kaldma, K; Parik, J; Metspalu, E; Adojaan, M et al. (2003). "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (2): 313–32.doi:10.1086/346068. PMC 379225. PMID 12536373.
- ^ Karafet, TM; Lansing, JS; Redd, AJ; Reznikova, S; Watkins, JC; Surata, SP; Arthawiguna, WA; Mayer, L et al. (2005). "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders". Human biology 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. PMID 16114819.
- ^ Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A (2009)."Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154.PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.
